Kinetics of Electrochemical Reduction of NAD+ on a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The kinetics of reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD, was investigated on glassy carbon (GC) electrode at various temperatures, electrode potentials and NAD concentrations using electrochemical methods of linear polarization voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was shown that under the experimental conditions employed, the NAD reduction reaction is under diffusion control, is irreversible (requires overpotential of more than-550 mV), and is of pseudo-first order with respect to NAD. The reduction process involves the exchange of 1.54 or 1.62 electrons, depending on reduction potential. This indicates that 54 or 62 mol % of NADH is produced, respectively, while the remaining quantity is NAD2. The kinetics of NAD reduction at a formal potential of the NAD /NADH couple was found to be rather slow, and only moderately temperature dependent: the apparent formal heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constant is in the order of 10-14 cm s-1, and the apparent formal Gibbs energy of activation is 53.1 kJ mol –1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".