The Impact of Tourism Growth, Urbanization and Economic Growth on Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Bahrain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact that changes in tourism, urbanisation, and the economy have had on greenhouse gas emissions in Bahrain from 1995 to 2020.It will be the first of its kind to examine the relationship between external and endogenous elements from both a short-term and a long-term perspective.When second-order differentiation is present, the Johansen co-integration test detects short and long runs.With a speed of -0.079, the vector error correction model indicates a trend towards stability.Pairwise Granger causality testing reveals both unidirectional and bidirectional associations between variables.Tourist numbers only go up in response to an increase in carbon emissions.Growth in both tourism and the economy contributes to urban expansion in a unidirectional fashion.Urbanization and tourism both benefit from and contribute to one another's development.Politicians, economists, and academics in Bahrain may use the findings of this study to craft a policy that will last and is consistent with the Paris Agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".