Special Issue: Critiques of Investment Arbitration Reform
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The last decade has seen escalating criticism of international investment arbitration.1Even actors central to the functioning of the investment arbitration regime, and often profiting from it, now accept a need for change.2Despite this vital debate, the number of arbitration claims each year is increasing and States continue to sign investment treaties with arbitration clauses.Moreover, in an apparent effort to salvage the treaties, insiders have taken leadership of the 'reform' discourse purportedly aimed at curing the regime's flaws.3Various reform initiatives are underway or have been introduced, most 1 Gus Van Harten, The Trouble with Foreign Investor Protection (OUP 2020);
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.024 | 0.023 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".