Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Glypicans are a family of proteoglycans that are bound to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. These proteoglycans are highly conserved during evolution, and the mammalian genome contains six members of the family. Glypicans carry two to four heparan sulfate chains that are inserted near the carboxy terminus. The crystal structure reveals a densely packed cylindrical shape that is parallel to the cell surface. The functions of glypicans are mediated by the heparan sulfate chains and/or the core protein. One of the main functions of these proteoglycans is the regulation of the signaling pathways triggered by hedgehogs, Wnts, fibroblast growth factors, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Glypicans can either stimulate or inhibit the interaction of these growth factors with their signaling receptors. Studies in Drosophila have also shown that glypicans can regulate hedgehog, Wnt, and bone morphogenetic factor gradient formation. In addition, glypicans play important roles in the establishment of synapses and in neuron guidance and migration. Glypican mutations cause several developmental syndromes, and overexpression of these proteins contribute to the progression of various cancer types. In particular, glypican‐3 is currently being used as a marker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas, and it is being targeted by several immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of this malignancy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".