Ethyl ester production with immobilized lipase in tin modified <scp>SBA</scp> ‐15: Effect of the support characteristic and reaction conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigated the use of immobilized lipase in SBA‐15 and pore‐expanded SBA‐15 surface modified with tin, denoted as SnS23B (mean pore size of 21.6 nm) and SnS8B (with mean pore size of 9.6 nm), respectively, to produce ethyl esters. The effects of various reaction parameters, including biocatalyst type, oil (refined and degummed soybean oil), water addition, oil‐to‐ethanol molar ratio, immobilized lipase concentration, agitation speed, reaction temperature, and glycerol addition, were examined. The optimal conditions were found to be the use of SnS23B as the biocatalyst, degummed soybean oil as the substrate, 1% (w/w oil) water, 1:3 oil‐to‐ethanol molar ratio, 5% (w/w oil) immobilized lipase, 800 rpm agitation speed, and 25°C reaction temperature. The presence of glycerol negatively impacted the reaction. Under the optimal conditions, the mass percent of ethyl ester obtained was 98.2% ± 0.16. The immobilized lipase showed stability, as no lipase activity was detected upon removing the biocatalyst from the reaction. However, the biocatalyst lost 50% of its activity after 10 successive reactions, likely due to thermal deactivation and lipase inhibition caused be the adsorption of glycerol and other chemical species. Attenuated total reflectance analysis supported this hypothesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".