Enhanced Pneumonia Diagnosis Using Chest X-Ray Image Features and Multilayer Perceptron and k-NN Machine Learning Algorithms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pneumonia poses a significant risk of mortality, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems, necessitating early diagnosis and treatment to combat the disease effectively.In this study, we employed Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) machine learning (ML) algorithms to facilitate pneumonia diagnosis using preprocessed Chest X-ray images.Preprocessing steps, including Histogram Equalization, Mask R-CNN (Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network), and Otsu thresholding, were successively performed on the images.Textural features were subsequently extracted from the Chest X-ray images and utilized as inputs for the classification algorithms.To address the imbalanced class problem in the training data, the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) was implemented.Classification evaluation metrics included accuracy, precision, recall, F1-Score, and AUC Score (Area Under Curve Score).The results revealed that the MLP algorithm outperformed the k-NN algorithm across all metrics.Furthermore, a comparison of the MLP and k-NN algorithms with previous studies in the literature demonstrated the superiority of the MLP algorithm, achieving an accuracy of 95.673%, F1-Score of 95.706%, and AUC Score of 99.006%.This study highlights the potential of employing the MLP algorithm for highly accurate pneumonia diagnosis using Chest X-ray images.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".