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Record W4382468304 · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3290847

A Hybrid VLC/RF Parking Automation System

2023· article· en· W4382468304 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueIEEE Access · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicSmart Parking Systems Research
Canadian institutionsConcordia University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceVisible light communicationWirelessEmbedded systemOptical wirelessMicrocontrollerReal-time computingComputer hardwareElectrical engineeringTelecommunicationsEngineeringLight-emitting diode

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper proposes an innovative and integrated parking automation system based on visible light communication (VLC) and radio frequency (RF) wireless technologies. The VLC and RF are used for vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, infrastructure-to-vehicle communication, indoor localization, and wireless mesh networks. For VLC we have utilized the vehicle’s headlight and parking COB bulb-based VLC transmitters and optical receivers that are installed on the parking gate barrier and the roof of the vehicle. Digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) is used as an anisochronous modulation scheme in VLC-based transactions. The client-server interface and parking’s central processing unit are implemented using the ParkLight software package consisting of an Android application, Django-based web, and LabVIEW PC-based applications. We have introduced a VLC-based two-factor authentication and charging payment systems for installation at the gate barrier. An experimental evaluation of the proposed system is conducted under both day and night conditions in terms of optical interference cancelation, angular displacement, and the transmission link range. The proposed system is successfully demonstrated by achieving a bit error rate (BER) of less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> over a 5 m link range.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.470
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.043
GPT teacher head0.312
Teacher spread0.269 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it