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Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane
M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, Jean-Marco Alameddine, A. A. Alves, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, S. W. Barwick, Vedant Basu, S. Baur, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K. H. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, S. Benda, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, Matthias Boddenberg, Federico Bontempo, Julia Book, Jürgen Borowka, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, E. Bourbeau, F. Bradascio, J. Braun, Bennett Brinson, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Ryan T. Burley, R. S. Busse, Michael Campana, Erin Carnie-Bronca, C. Chen, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, K. Choi, Brian Clark, K. Clark, L. Classen, Alan Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Christian Dappen, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, H.-P. Dembinski, Kunal Deoskar, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, A. Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, M. Dittmer, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. Dunkman, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, A. T. Fienberg, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, E. Friedman, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, E. Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, N. Goehlke, A. Goldschmidt, J. G. González, Sreetama Goswami, D. Grant, T. Grégoire, Spencer Griswold, C. Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Martin Ha Minh, K. Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, A. Haungs, K. Helbing, Felix Henningsen, Emma C. Hettinger, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, K. Hoshina, Wenjie Hou, F. Huang, M. E. Huber, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, R. Hussain, Karolin Hymon, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, B. J. P. Jones, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, Moritz Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, A. Kheirandish, Ken'ichi Kin, J. Kiryluk, A. Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, Emmett Krupczak, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. P. Lazar, J. W. Lee, A. Leszczyńska, Y. Li, M. Lincetto, Qinrui Liu, M. Liubarska, Elisa Lohfink, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, Andrew Ludwig, W. Luszczak, W. Y., J. Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, Sarah Mancina, Ioana Codrina Mariş, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, S. McCarthy, Thomas McElroy, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, Yarno Merckx, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Katharina Morik, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tridib Mukherjee, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, R. Nahnhauer, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Sarah Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, Bob Oeyen, A. Olivas, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, G. K. Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Lilly Peters, J. Peterson, S. Philippen, Sarah Pieper, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Yuriy Popovych, Alessio Porcelli, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, John Rack-Helleis, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Patrick Reichherzer, R. Reimann, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, M. Richman, Benedikt Riedel, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, G. Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, J. Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Georg Schwefer, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, Robert Stein, J. Stettner, T. Stezelberger, B. Stokstad, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, Jessie Thwaites, S. Tilav, Franziska Tischbein, Kirsten Tollefson, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, Alexander Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, R. Turcotte, Colin Turley, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, B. Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, J. Veitch-Michaelis, Stef Verpoest, C. Walck, W. Wang, T. B. Watson, C. Weaver, Philip Weigel, A. Weindl, Matthew J. Weiss, Jan Weldert, C. Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, N. Willey, D. R. Williams, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Johan Wilfried Wulff, Xiaolin Xu, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, S. Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin
Bibliographic record
VenueScience · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of AlbertaQueen's University
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityChiba UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftMichigan State UniversityNational Research FoundationWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetUniversity of OxfordCompute CanadaMarquette UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonU.S. Department of EnergyVetenskapsrådet
KeywordsGalactic planeNeutrinoAstronomyAstrophysicsPhysicsEnergy (signal processing)StarsNuclear physics
Abstract
The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.005
Threshold uncertainty score0.009
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.219
Teacher spread0.203 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations298
Published2023
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes