The Canadian Home: The Fate of Owners and Investors in the Great Depression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although Canada’s is a liberal, settler-colonial society that has long valued the right to property, we know remarkably little about the experience of owners of, and investors in, residential real estate during the Great Depression. This was a period of great suffering for both. Scattered and neglected sources, coupled with cautious comparisons with the better-documented us experience, makes it possible to provide a plausible sketch. Many mortgaged homeowners, and a higher proportion of the stigmatized landlords, lost their properties through default or tax sales. Unlike the situation in the United States, lending institutions did not go under, but most residential mortgages were provided by private individuals, many of whom suffered. Because numerous owners fell into tax arrears, while an increasing number of families demanded relief, municipalities were squeezed. Out of necessity, landlords, lenders, and municipalities offered concessions to tenants and property owners, respectively. Although the Depression was a decade of occasional conflict, it was also defined by everyday compromise and cooperation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".