Techno-Economic Analysis and Simulation of a Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid System for Grid-Independent Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The utilization of solar and wind energy as alternatives to fossil fuels is gaining increasing significance in the quest for sustainable energy solutions.Hybrid systems, comprising multiple power generation units driven by diverse energy sources, offer enhanced reliability compared to single-source systems.Among these, photovoltaicwind turbine hybrids have emerged as a promising configuration, capable of meeting extensive and dynamic energy demands.In certain hybrid systems, domestic batteries are employed to counter daily fluctuations, facilitating the conversion and storage of energy for grid-independent applications.The present study conducts a technoeconomic analysis of such a hybrid system, employing HOMER software for power supply simulations.Results indicate that the optimal configuration encompasses 10 kW photovoltaic cells, a 10 kW wind turbine, a 4 kW water electrolysis device, a 10 kW converter, a 1 kW fuel cell, and a 1 kg storage tank.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".