Bibliographic record
Abstract
Being a farmer was still the classic honourable livelihood in Canada in 1910, but the search for farmland was approaching "last call."Without the embellishments that F.J. Turner added to the idea of the frontier, the expectation of the ongoing expansion of farmland had a powerful grip on the popular imagination, and the hint of an end to the agricultural frontier was an unwanted and somewhat sinister rumour.As Kenneth Boulding recognized in framing his influential Spaceship Earth concept, "over a very large part of the time that man has been on earth, there has been something like a frontier.That is, there was always someplace else to go when things got too difficult … The image of the frontier is probably one of the oldest images of mankind, and it is not surprising that we find it hard to get rid of." 1 North America and the acquisitive Europeans who came to claim it had enjoyed three centuries of almost unstinted availability of cheap land and relatively unrestricted access to economic opportunities.The ending of the agricultural frontier, though not recognized at the time, was a striking early expression of the limits inherent in the closed system Boulding called Spaceship Earth.New land for farming was xiv
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.446 | 0.197 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".