Review of the Characteristics of Boys and Girls Involved in School Bullying
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bullying at school affects the health and development of children and adolescents.This study aimed to describe evidence about the characteristics of boys and girls identified as bullies in bullying situations.This is a review of publications from 2015 to 2020, operationalized in SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO.Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and submitted to methodological quality assessment.The corpus was composed of 27 primary studies.It was found that boys do more bullying and are more engaged in physical aggression.Girls engage more in verbal or psychological type violence.Social/cultural issues are factors consistently associated with such differences.Regarding the consequences of the aggression perpetrated, bullies, regardless of gender, may also have mental health problems.This study gathers quantitative evidence on the characteristics of boys and girls who engage in bullying at school.Differences/similarities should be considered in anti-bullying intervention programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.018 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".