Mild cognitive impairment and early onset Parkinson’s disease: an observational study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Early Onset Parkinson´s Disease (EOPD) is defined as an onset of motor symptoms of Parkinson´s disease (PD) after age 21 years and before 50 years. According to the Movement Disorder Society, PD Mild Cognitive Impairment (PD-MCI) can be defined as performing 1–2 standard deviations (SD) below appropriate norms in at least two neuropsychological tests within the commonly affected domains in PD (i.e., attention and working memory, language, executive function, visuospatial, and memory) in the absence of significant interference with functional independence. People with EOPD face unique challenges compared with those with late-onset PD since they potentially have more active roles in society and a longer time horizon of disease. Objectives: We aimed to establish the PD-MCI frequency in EOPD patients and to define which subdomains were compromised in our patients. Methods: 69 EOPD patients underwent an assessment including Mini-Mental State Examination, Frontal Assessment Battery, Clock Drawing Test, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test A and B, Forward Digit Span and Backward Digit Span, Stroop Test, Beck Depressive Inventory, UPDRS-3, UPDRS-4, HY and UDysRS. Results: The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at PD onset was 43 years (23–49), the median (IQR) PD duration was 7 years (2–27), the median (IQR) LEDD was 800 mg (100–2430). The MCI frequency in this group was 40.6%. Patients were distributed in two groups (with and without MCI) and the scores between the groups had significant difference in most cognitive scales except HVLT-R. Conclusion: Our study described a high frequency and a profile of MCI in EOPD patients (attention/working memory and executive function). We suggest that clinicians must search for neuropsychological impairments in EOPD in order to provide a more comprehensive treatment that includes multidisciplinary interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".