Strong Nonlinear Response in Crystalline Quartz at THz Frequencies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study reports on the experimental observation of a very strong nonlinear response in crystalline quartz in the terahertz (THz) frequency region through THz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS). A previously established theoretical model is modified and presented and predicts a Kerr coefficient n 2 equal to 5.17 × 10 −14 m 2 W −1 . The time‐domain analysis of the measured data shows that with increasing of the THz peak amplitude, the pulse experiences a larger time delay in the sample. As the THz amplitude increases to values higher than 110 kV cm −1 , the growth rate of the delay decreases, indicating a saturation process. The value of the nonlinear refractive index calculated through the frequency‐response analysis is estimated to be on the order of 10 −13 m 2 W −1 , which is several orders of magnitude larger than typical values of the nonlinear refractive index of solids in the visible region. Furthermore, a negative fifth‐order susceptibility on the order of 10 −30 m 4 V −4 is measured.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it