Design and Implementation of Ultra-Wideband Frequency Synthesizer Using DDS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, a C~K band frequency synthesizer used in broadband electronic warfare equipment was designed, developed, and the measurement results were presented. The structure of the designed frequency synthesizer generates a signal up to 6 GHz using only direct digital synthesizer(DDS) without a mixer or multiplier. For signals above 6 GHz frequency, the structure uses a multiplier. In addition, a variable sampling frequency structure and a DDS circuit were designed to improve signal quality by reducing spurious signals, harmonic signals, and phase noise. The developed frequency synthesizer has different signal quality performance depending on the use of the multiplier, and the C~G band has output power flatness ±1.7 dB, spurious signal less than −55 dBc, and phase noise less than −95 dBc/Hz (@1 kHz). The H~K band using multiplier has characteristics of output power flatness ±2.0 dB, spurious signal less than −35 dBc, and phase noise less than −80 dBc/Hz (@1 kHz). The results of this study confirmed the miniaturization of the signal generation module in the C~K band.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".