← Back to cohort
Global Incidence and Risk Factors Associated With Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Elective Inguinal Hernia Repair
Stefanie Croghan, Helen Mohan, Kieran J. Breen, Ruth McGovern, Kathleen Bennett, Michael R. Boland, Muhammed Elhadi, Jessie A. Elliott, Anna Fullard, Peter E. Lonergan, Frank McDermott, Asif Mehraj, Francesco Pata, David M. Quinlan, D. C. Winter, Jarlath Bolger, Christina Fleming, Pablo Farinelli, María Alday, Nicolás Avellaneda, María Goya, Gastón Clemente, Juan Cruz Lopez, David Proud, Natassia Shulman, Dora Huang, Wael Jamel, Sonia Gill, Thomas Arthur, Daisy Swindon, Amy Frank, Roy Teng, Irene Chua, Nicole Chong, Amy Hannigan, Madhu Srinivasan, Aysha Al Bastaki, Sharifa Ahmad, Isam M Juma, Wah Yang, Huaxi Wang, Shuwen Jiang, Eddy P Lincango Naranjo, Carla M Dominguez, Luis F Huilca, José Ricardo Negrete Ocampo, Ahmed Nafea, Selmy Awad, Merihan A. Elbadawy, Aya Abdulmonem, Mahmoud Shaaban Abdelgalil, Salma Tarek Helmy, Sally Ahmed Abd El-razik, Laila Raafat Mabrouk, Ahmed Hassan A. Rady, Ahmed Shaheen, Moataz Ewedah, Marina Farag, Yousef Tanas, Yomna E. Dean, Maha Ghanem, Ahmed M. Ghatwary, Menan A. Elsadek, Aalaa Saad, Ramy A. Hassan, Mohamed Omar Herdan, Mahmoud A. Nassar, Areej A. Khamis, Hadeer M.S. Youssef, Mohamed A. El Sherpiny, Eslam Shehata, Sandy A. Taha, Ahmed A.A.A Zahran, Mohamed Al-Nagdy, Somaya Z.E Sayed Hafez, Shymaa M. Abo Ghanima, Sherif Farahat, Fatma M. Morgan, Shaimaa Mahfouz, Hossam Elfeki, Hosam Elghadban, Mostafa Shalaby, Mohamed Shetiwy, Mohamed Mostafa, Ahmad Sakr, Ahmed S. Elsayed, Kareem Sadek, Maher Eldeghedi, Reem Elsaadany, Yousef Hesham, Omar Attiya, Abdelrahman Shaaban, Yara Sakr, Mohammed Alharazin, Mohammed A. Omar, Marwa N. Alansary, Mahmoud Ahmed Ebada, Mohamed S. Abdelfattah, Ahmed K El-Taher, Hazem S. Ghaith, Ibrahim Abdelmonaem Abdelhaleem, Notaila M. Fayed, Laila A. Fayed, Mohamed K. Mahmoud, Esraa Essam Elsayed Mohamed, Amr Mahmoud Abdulla ElDeeb, Islam M. Mohamed, Abd Elrahman Safwat El Kady, Mohammed Abd Al-Fattah, Mohamad Hassaan, Mohammed G. Hegazy, Εvangelos C. Fradelos, Dimitrios Korkolis, George Kavalieratos, Dimitrios K. Manatakis, Nikolaos Tasis, Argyrios Ioannidis, M. Konstantinidis, Sofia Konstantinidou, C Kalfountzos, Konstantinos Bouliaris, Dimitrios Schizas, Nikolaos Machairas, Stylianos Kykalos, Michail Vailas, Athanasios Syllaios, Panagiotis Dorovinis, Alexandros Kozadinos, Konstantinos Bouchagier, Francesk Mulita, Georgios Skroubis, Ioannis Maroulis, Georgia Kotoreni, Petros Sountoulides, Christos Agalianos, Maria Ioanna Antonopoulou, Aristeidis Ladoukakis, Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos Νikolouzakis, Konstantinos Lasithiotakis, Emmanuel Chrysos, Sofia Xenaki, Efstratia Baili, Theodore Liakakos, Alexandros Charalabopoulos, Maytham Al-Juaifari, Yasir Adnan Zwain, Ahmed A. Himi, Hogir Imad Rasheed Aldawoody, Ishwarya Balasubramanian, Arnold D. Hill, William B. Robb, Martin Safari Aketch, Aaron M.J. Brady, Peter D. O' Leary, Niall F. Davis, Ben Creavin, Paul F. Ridgway, Kevin G. Barry, Orlaith Kelly, Nicola Raftery, Matthew G. Davey, Ray McLaughlin, William Joyce, Aengus Meldon, Emmeline Nugent, Amenah Dhannoon, Paul Carroll, Stephen J. O’Brien, Emmet Andrews, Niamh Foley, Shane Killeen, Daniel Hechtl, Michael O’Riordain, John B. Conneely, Niall Hardy, Niall James McInerney, Emma Kearns, Ben Shanahan, Czara Kennedy, Desmond Toomey, Shabhaz Mansoor, Éanna J. Ryan, Sean M. Johnston, Sean T. Lim, Irele Ifijeh Ahonkhai, Eltahir Eltagani, Odhran K. Ryan, Helen Earley, Joseph Garvin, Andru Nitharasan Iruthayanathar, Cillian Clancy, Brian Fahey, Haroon Rashid, Paul McCormick, Ian S. Reynolds, Darragh Garrahy, Orlagh Bean, Eoin Conlon, Emily Molony, Seán Martin, Emir Hoti, Anthony Stafford, Ann Hanly, Donal Maguire, Kin Cheung Ng, Benjamin Ngie Xiong Wong, Tom McCormack, Kin Yik Chan, Colin Peirce, Calvin Coffey, Nauman Nabi, Prem Thomas Jacob, Patrick Dillon, Abrar Ahmad, Peter Neary, Jessica Ryan, Tara M. Connelly, Fiachra Cooke, Peter W. McCullough, Gianluca Pellino, Lucio Selvaggi, Francesco Selvaggi, Gaetano Gallo, Cristiana Riboni, Michele Danzi, Marcello De Luca, Ruggero Lionetti, Luciano Grimaldi, Francesco Corcione, Michele Manigrasso, Marco Milone, Giovanni Domenico De Palma, Alessia Biancafarina, Valentina Mariottini, Marco De Prizio, Leonardo Solaini, Davide Cavaliere, Gabriele Vigutto, Antonio Castaldi, Alessio Palumbo, Carmine Antropoli, V. Ripetti, Paolo Luffarelli, Gabriella Teresa Capolupo, Marco Caricato, Filippo Carannante, Michele Grassia, Andrea Lucchi, Antonio Schimera, Giuseppe Palomba, Giovanni Aprea, Carlo V. Feo, Nicolò Fabbri, Marco Torchiaro, Marco Mazza, Paolino De Marco, Giulia Bagaglini, Michele Grande, Pierfrancesco Lapolla, Andrea Mingoli, Gioia Brachini, Nicoletta Sveva Pipitone Federico, Marcello Calabrò, Alessandra Murgese, Alberto Aiolfi, Emanuele Mini, Davide Bona, Renato Patrone, Aurelio Nasto, Davide Pertile, Stefano Scabini, Domenico Soriero, Andrea Massobrio, Selene Deiana, Giacomo Carganico, Mauro Montuori, Enrico Pinotti, Giulia Carrara, Giorgio Lisi, Domenico Spoletini, Rosa Menditto, Marco Pace, Niccolò Petrucciani, Giuseppe Nigri, Diego Sasia, Martina Girardi, Giorgio Giraudo, Jacopo Andreuccetti, Stefano Rossi, Alessandro Scorsi, Caterina Puccioni, Biagio Picardi, Alessandro Anastasi, Riccardo Borreca, Elvira Adinolfi, Giuseppe Canonico, Tommaso Nelli, F Carmignani, E Baldini, O Boccia, Alessia Kersik, Francesco Fleres, Guglielmo Clarizia, A Longhini, Nicolò Maria Mariani, Andrea Balla, Pasquale Lepiane, Sergio Petrocca, Maria Chiara Ranucci, Luca Morelli, Gregorio Di Franco, Francesco Porcelli, Simone Guadagni, Niccolò Furbetta, Andrea Romanzi, Maria Milanesi, Barbara Vignati, Alberto Vannelli, Roberta Scolaro, Antonella Putortì, Almu’atasim Khamees, Sami A. Almasarweh, Ali Guboug, Luai Abu‐Ismail, Khayry Al‐Shami, Sajeda Awadi, Manal Zain Mohammed Haij, Bourhan Alrayes, Manolia Al-Kubaisy, Mohammad Rashdan, Mohammad Abufaraj, Hanan Mansour, Ahmad A. Toubasi, Muayad Azzam, Tala Al-Aydi, Isam Bsisu, Oweiss Khrais, Mohammad Bani Hani, Hamza Daradkeh, Hussam Jamous, Mohammad Dardour, Renad Msameh, Hadeel Alasawdeh, Saeed Shumrakh, Yahya F. Oqdeh, Mohammad A. AL Hamoud, Amro Abuleil, Hazim Ababneh, Wisam Qais Hasan, Ebrahim M. Ali, El Sharif F. Khalil, Ahmed Faraj Abaidalla, Haifaa Il Haddad, Mohamed Gamal Amnaina, Husayn M. Alabd, Sumayyah Bahroun, Eman Younes, Eman Al Sagheir, Ali Ali, Malak Khamaj, Mohamed Ashfersh, Reyad Almokhtar Ekhmaj, Issa Abuzeid, Mohammed N. Albaraesi, Salah S. Taktuk, Wafa Aldressi, Khalid Eltaeb, Jamal M. Gomaty, Hibah Bileid Bakeer, Akram Alkaseek, Rehab Alarabi, Fatima Z. Gjam, F Elhajdawe, Ahlam M. Shuayb, Amin Egdeer, Ayman Almugaddami, Eman Abdulwahed, Reem Ghmagh, Entisar Alshareea, Doaa Gidiem, A.R. Askar, Sarah Aljamal, Abdulqudus Deeknah, Marwa Biala, Sharf Barka, Khaula Kamour, Hind Alameen, Anwaar Abozid, Mohamed Alsori, Sanad Kanna, Tahani Elgadi, Reyam Naana, Abdulrhman Marwan, Osama Omar, Jeremy Yuen‐Chun Teoh, Ida Nadiah Ahmed Fathil, Zainal Z. Adwin, Mohamedraed Elshami, Luis Adrián Álvarez-Lozada, Daniela G. Durán-Castro, Manuel Enrique de la O-Escamilla, Francisco Javier Arrambide‐Garza, Hind El Azzazi, Yousra El Assaad, Yassine Mrissa, Mouad Koukou, Chris Varghese, Mohammed K. Alqassab, Tracey Barnes, Mark Thompson‐Fawcett, Matthew McGuinness, Josh Mitchell, Megan Grinlinton, Rowan Auchterlonie, Vilingatoni Hasiata, Christopher Harmston, Chelsea A Allen-Brough, Lauren Siggins, George Weeratunga, Anthony T. Lin, William Xu, Holly Cook, Nusr Ghamri, Nejo Joseph, Helen Zheng, Milidu V.B. Ratnayake, Ian Bissett, Ademola Adeyeye, Mohammed Taofiq Olayinka, Yakubu Alfa, Muhammad Daniyan, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Muhammed Salman Bashir, Keffi Mubarak Musa, Henry Ehidiamen Omon, Simon A. Balogun, Christopher O. Anele, Abdul Hafiz O. Adesunkanmi, Samuel Ajekwu, Ehis Afeikhena, Ifeanyichukwu Kelvin Egbuchulem, Constantine Ezeme, Naomi Olagunju, Ikechukwu Bartholomew Ulasi, Adegbolahan Fakoya, Olakoyode O Ogundoyin, Usama Waqar, Ronika Devi Ukrani, M Mansoor, Tofique Asghar, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Muhammad Zahid, Farjad Ali, Tabish Chawla, Faiqa Binte Aamir, Izza Tahir, K. H. Dar, Abdullah B. Saeed, Usama Shahbaz, Muhammad Ilyas Alozai, Muhammad Usman Akram, Sohaib Haider, Arrham Hai, Shaheer Ahmed, Akbar Hussain, Ahmed M. Durrani, Fawad Mueen Arbi, Fatima Khaliq, Muhammad Abubakr, Noor Khalid, Rizwan Khalid, Aqsa Iqbal, Arwa Javed, Hamza Akhtar, Bilal Malik, Hashim Khan, Adam Umair Ashraf Butt, Abdur R. Malik, Daniya S. Malick, A. Asif, Muhammad Sarfraz Khan, Muhammad Idrees Anwar, Sadia Yaqoob, Furqan Ahmad Jarullah, Farooq Umer, Soomal Jamil, Mohammad Zarin, Adel H. Khan, Mansoor Alam, Mahnoor Shafi, Samra Fakhar, Amrat Ayaz Ali, Nawaz Ali Dal, Marvi Shams, Sundas Laghari, Yash Kumar, Syed Atif ul Haq, Areeba Abdullah, S Rehman, Farhan Javed, Wasaq Ali, Shahzaib Ahmad, Prabesh Joshi, Muhammad Zeeshan Sarwar, Syed Asghar Naqi, Muhammad Imran Hameed Daula, Muhammad Tayyab Ijaz, Talha bin Fazal, Amna Javaid, Akram Rajput, Layiba Masroor, Tooba Shahab, Aimen Yaqub, Sufian M. Zahid, Naveed Jabbar, Muhammad Hassan Javeed, Muhammad Qaisar Karim, Muhammad Asad Jamal, Mishaal Fazal, Fahd Mudassar Hameed, Mahnoor Bakhtiar, Aamena Akhtar, Zartaj A. Khan, Kiran Rehman, Rehan Ahmed Khan, Fareeha Farooqui, Sibgha Aimon, Iqra Marjan, Yousef K. Al-Saba'a, Dana M. Alkahlout, Fatima M. Amer, Omar Mostafa, Deema Sami Naim, Mahmoud R Manasra, Yazan Giacaman, Aya Zawahra, Myyas N. Erman, Tamara K. Abu Reyash, Sarah M. Shami, Amjad H. Awwad, Hamdoon Abu-Arish, Osama Y. Aljabarein, Saja Alkomi, Raghad Faisal Yahia Dweik, Khalil Omar Atatra, Fawzi Hesham Yasin, Reem J. Saad, Abdellatif Khader, Reema A. Hussein, A Helles, Ruba S. Ismail, Mustafa Abu Jayyab, Mohammad Hasson, Ana Povo, Cláudio Silva, Mariana Ginestal, Ionuţ Negoi, Valentina Madalina Negoita, Tamás Talpai, C Pîrvu, Ștelian Pantea, R. Menzulin, A Yanishev, A Bazaev, Natalia Chubukova, Maxim Bagrjancev, A Abelevich, А А Новикова, Reham J.M. Saeed, Tarek M. El-Mansoury, Amer M.A. Khogaly, Danijel Galun, Marko Živanović, M Serrano-Navidad, Aitor Landaluce-Olavarria, Begoña Estraviz- Mateos, Aitor Sainz-Lete, Melania Gonzalez-De Miguel, Julio Cesar Zevallos-Quiroz, Alba Vázquez-Melero, María Sánchez-Rubio, Imanol Herrero López, David García López de Goicoechea, Maite Camuera González, Pablo Helguera Martínez, María Balluerca Alba, Patricia Paunero Vázquez, Isami Soeda Seminario, Fernando Mendoza Moreno, Belén Matías‐García, Ricardo Alvarado‐Hurtado, Sonia Soto‐Schütte, Marta Alberich Prats, Zoilo Madrazo González, Jaime López Borao, Albert Sueiras Gil, Silvia Martin Santos, Marta Gil Barrionuevo, Gerardo Rodríguez León, Josep Vallet Fernandez, Carles Ortiz Rodriguez, Ramiro Hevia Falú, Vicente Gil Gomez, Alex Biel Arrufat, Ana Alberca Páramo, Eva Antonaya Rubia, María A. Rodríguez Cano, Piedad Ruíz Frías, Sara Gortázar de las Casas, Federico del Castillo Diez, Jenny Guevara Martínez, Fernando Prieto La Noire, Nuria Chavarrías Torija, Santiago Valderrabano Gonzalez, María Heras Garceau, Jaime Otero de Pablos, Antonio Ramos Bonilla, Diego Tristán Enjuto Martínez, Lorena Rodríguez Gómez, P Díaz Peña, Judit Gonzalez Guerreiro, Iria Cervera Celdrán, Elima Cagigal Ortega, Antonio García Domínguez, Ana Álvarez Cuiñas, Carla Soldevila‐Verdeguer, Laura Fernandez‐Vega, Naila Pagès-Valle, Alejandro Coello-González, Enrique Colás‐Ruiz, Weerakkodige Mithun Chamindaka Alwis, Rathnayake Mudhiyanselage Dulanee Karunarathne, Ginimal Bandaralage Kavinda Deshapriya Bandara, Vitharanage Srimantha Dewsiri Rodrigo, Umesh Jayarajah, S. Abdul-Hamid, Fares Kh. Almokdad, Alrayah E. Senhuri, Weaam M. Abdullah, Elharith H. Abdelwahid, Alhaj O. Idris, Sami Galal-Eldin, Hytham K. S. Hamid, Alaa M.E. Mohammed, Ahmed Ibrahim, Samar G. Ahmed, Osama S. Osman, M. Omer, Fthelrahman M. Toum, Fatima Mohammed Sabir, Abdulhafiz Yaghoub Ali, Abdelfatah Abdelmageed, A.M. Khalafalla, Luden Saif Aldawla Hassan, Mai D. Mahmoud, Mugahid A. Salih, Alaa Hamdan, Mazen Mohammad, Mohamad Al Shareeda, Mohammad Baraa Otaky, Ali Nashed, Hussein Zayat, Mohammad Aloulou, M. Smail, Fatima Sawas, Rafah Alghareeb, Aghyad Kudra Danial, Mohammad A. Abdullah, Khaled Krad, Ruqaya Masri, Omar Alannaz, Mona Halwani, Mohammad Ghannam, Ranim Kazzaz, Shergal Tammo, Ahmad Ghazal, Madian Alabad, Hasan Alhasan, Ahmad Alhaj, Ahmad Aljaber, Bakri T. Jarkas, Habib Olaisheh, Bassam Hassan, Ahmad Amir H. Kayali, Mohannad Nasani, Hasan Kayali, Ziad Alahmad, Khaled Arnaout, Aya A.N. Laila, Kamal Zalf, H.M. Hasson, Shant Apelian, Hawazen A. Makhluf, Fadwa F. Ibraheem, Ahmad Yamen Arnaout, Hamza Ibrahim, Mohammad Sharifa, Samer Nastah, Mohammed A. Zayat, Ahmad Alhashash, Dani S. Konaizeh, Zuhair Rostum, Fater Aliskander, Ahmad Saad, Arda Işık, Ufuk Memiş, Saniye Salih, Kemal Tolga Saraçoğlu, Ümmahan Dalkılınç Hökenek, Ozan Can Tatar, Syed Faraz Ali Shah, Nuh Zafer Cantürk, Enes Şahin, Sertaç Ata Güler, Turgay Şimşek, Cem Emir Güldoğan, Emre Gündoğdu, Mehmet Mahir Özmen, Tevfik Kıvılcım Uprak, Melike Zeynep Can Şahin, Semra Demirli Atıcı, Kenan Teker, Ahmed Aktas, Javed Latif, Hans Lederhuber, Venla Kantola, Samantha Muse, Nasir Jaralla, Dorina Roy, Alison McCoubrey, Azel Botes, Alexander Booth, Colston Edgerton, Fatima Al-Eryani, Hamza Al-Naggar, Salwa Al-Eryani, Ghadeer AL-Wajeeh, Khadega Abotaleb, Mohammed Al-Shehari, Sarah Shream, R Alsayadi, Shada Alemad, Bushra Alshaikh, Manal Jamal Al-Dhaheri, Wadhah Ahmed Al-Hajj Al-Fakih, Khaled A. Telha, Wail Mohamed Alqatta, Ghassan K. Telha, Ali Güner
Bibliographic record
VenueJAMA Surgery · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicHernia repair and management
Canadian institutionsUniversity Health Network
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMedicineUrinary retentionInguinal herniaIncidence (geometry)PerioperativeHerniaContext (archaeology)SurgeryUrinary systemInternal medicine
Abstract
Importance: Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a well-recognized complication of inguinal hernia repair (IHR). A variable incidence of POUR has previously been reported in this context, and contradictory evidence surrounds potential risk factors. Objective: To ascertain the incidence of, explore risk factors for, and determine the health service outcomes of POUR following elective IHR. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Retention of Urine After Inguinal Hernia Elective Repair (RETAINER I) study, an international, prospective cohort study, recruited participants between March 1 and October 31, 2021. This study was conducted across 209 centers in 32 countries in a consecutive sample of adult patients undergoing elective IHR. Exposure: Open or minimally invasive IHR by any surgical technique, under local, neuraxial regional, or general anesthesia. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the incidence of POUR following elective IHR. Secondary outcomes were perioperative risk factors, management, clinical consequences, and health service outcomes of POUR. A preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score was measured in male patients. Results: In total, 4151 patients (3882 male and 269 female; median [IQR] age, 56 [43-68] years) were studied. Inguinal hernia repair was commenced via an open surgical approach in 82.2% of patients (n = 3414) and minimally invasive surgery in 17.8% (n = 737). The primary form of anesthesia was general in 40.9% of patients (n = 1696), neuraxial regional in 45.8% (n = 1902), and local in 10.7% (n = 446). Postoperative urinary retention occurred in 5.8% of male patients (n = 224), 2.97% of female patients (n = 8), and 9.5% (119 of 1252) of male patients aged 65 years or older. Risk factors for POUR after adjusted analyses included increasing age, anticholinergic medication, history of urinary retention, constipation, out-of-hours surgery, involvement of urinary bladder within the hernia, temporary intraoperative urethral catheterization, and increasing operative duration. Postoperative urinary retention was the primary reason for 27.8% of unplanned day-case surgery admissions (n = 74) and 51.8% of 30-day readmissions (n = 72). Conclusions: The findings of this cohort study suggest that 1 in 17 male patients, 1 in 11 male patients aged 65 years or older, and 1 in 34 female patients may develop POUR following IHR. These findings could inform preoperative patient counseling. In addition, awareness of modifiable risk factors may help to identify patients at increased risk of POUR who may benefit from perioperative risk mitigation strategies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.566
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.271
Teacher spread0.246 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations32
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes