Exemption from Indirect Taxes as a Tool to Reduce the Negative Effect of International Sanctions on the Russian Precious Metals Market
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the study of legal mechanisms of the impact of international organizations and foreign states on the economies of unfriendly states, including sanctions, their nature and consequences of application. In addition, the paper analyzes legal instruments for countering restrictions, such as tax exemptions, the norms of Russian tax legislation and legislation on precious metals, the norms of foreign legislation, in particular the Constitutional Act of Canada, the Act on Excise Taxes, the judicial practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The paper examines, among other things, the consequences of VAT exemption for the purchase of precious metals by individuals and their impact on the precious metals market. The author conducted a comparative study of the legal regulation of taxation of transactions with precious metals in Canada and its provinces. The paper also analyzes the doctrinal definition of the regulatory function of the tax.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".