Bibliographic record
Abstract
Origins of the ForestCanada's forests are very young.In geological time, they have existed for only a brief moment, since the last glaciation ended about ten thousand years ago.At several periods during the last two to three million years, most of Canada was covered with ice.Each "Ice Age" lasted for about one hundred thousand years.Between these epochs the land was inhabited by various forms of plant and animal life, including forests of one sort or another.The interglacial forests were likely much different from those that exist today.In the high Arctic, for instance, traces of ancient forests can be found, suggesting the previous existence of a forest much larger in extent than that which is now present.Elsewhere, near Smithers in central British Columbia, for example, fossil remains have been found of metasequoia (dawn redwood) and gingko trees, species that now grow wild only in remote areas of China.During the last period of glaciation about ten thousand years ago, all of Canada -except for a portion of northwestern Yukon and small, isolated refuges in the Cypress Hills, the Swan Hills, and parts of coastal B.C. -was covered with ice up to four thousand metres thick.The ice formed in two main sheets: the Cordilleran sheet, which covered present-day British Columbia, and the Laurentide sheet, which covered most of the rest of Canada and the northeastern United States.For part of this glacial period, a corridor along the eastern margins of the Rocky Mountains remained ice free.As temperatures rose and the ice retreated, plants and animals began to re-populate the land.They migrated from the south, the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.173 | 0.040 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".