Overcoming Challenges in Development of Manganese Oxide Supercapacitor Cathodes by Alkali-Free Hydrothermal Synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This investigation is motivated by the need in the development of manganese oxide cathodes for supercapacitors with high capacitance at high charge–discharge rates and enhanced capacitance retention in a wide range of charge–discharge rates. It also addresses the challenge of eliminating the time-consuming activation procedure, which limits the applications of Mn3O4 cathodes. The new approach is based on the use of environmentally friendly and biocompatible pH modifiers–dispersants, such as polyethylenimine (PEI) and meglumine (MG) for hydrothermal synthesis. In this approach, the use of inorganic alkalis is avoided. We demonstrate the benefits of this approach for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanoparticles, such as Mn-PEI and Mn-MG. Electrodes with a high active mass of 40 mg cm−2 are fabricated and electrochemically tested in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The method of electrode material fabrication offers benefits for the accelerated electrode activation procedure, which is practically eliminated for Mn-MG electrodes. The Mn-MG electrodes showed a remarkably high capacitance of 3.68 F cm−2 (93.19 F g−1) at a sweep rate of 100 mV s−1 and a high capacitance retention of 90.6% in the CV sweep range of 1–100 mV s−1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".