Sources of error during inertial sensing of human movement: a critical review of the fundamentals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inertial assessments of human movement have potential to support diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders in healthcare settings. Despite the potential advantages, uptake and acceptance by healthcare professionals are still a challenge, as inertial measurement units are prone to measurement errors due to inherent limitations with the technology. As such, full exploitation is limited to a small group of highly qualified personnel. For usage to be more ubiquitous, standard practices for acquiring high-quality data are required and should include methods for error avoidance, detection, identification, quantification, and mitigation. In this paper, a critical review of sources of error was conducted, from which a taxonomic error classification framework was developed. From this review, it has become apparent which sources of error carry the highest risk for impacting data quality. Methods for error mitigation have been identified, along with limitations and areas for improvement. This framework is intended to serve as a useful reference for both proficient and non-proficient users to ensure all sources of error are considered when developing and interpreting IMU-based assessments. It also provides a foundation for developing standard practices to help users efficiently and reliably acquire high-quality data, which is imperative for uptake and acceptance in healthcare settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".