Social policy and the recent economic crisis in Canada and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of the economic crisis that began in 2008 on U.S. and Canadian social policy debates and reforms. It assesses the impact of this major crisis on unemployment, pensions and fiscal policy in both countries. The chapter reveals that the crisis hit the United States harder than Canada and, from a political standpoint, led to a greater potential for path-departing reform in the United States than in Canada. The possibility of significant change was reinforced in the United States by the election of Barack Obama to the presidency less than two months after the financial crisis of September 2008 hit. In contrast, Canadians re-elected a Conservative minority government. In the end, however, both the United States and Canada failed to enact bold social policy reforms in 2009. Most importantly, in both countries, the economic crisis brought a massive deterioration of the fiscal situation of the federal government, and of many states and provinces, which is likely to limit the scope for progressive policy change while having the potential to legitimise cost controls and cutbacks in social programmes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".