Review of: "Technological Unemployment, Skill Mismatch and the Future of Higher Education in Post-Pandemic Nigeria"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potential competing interests: No potential competing interests to declare.Point 1 : In the introduction the author talked about the negative impacts of taxes, including the consequence of unemployment.The authors mentioned some historical works and quotes.In this context it is worth mentioning the famous work of Ibn Khaldun (https://muslimheritage.com/ibn-khaldun-taxation-relevance-today/).Ibn Khaldun, in his renowned book "The Muqaddimah" or "The Introduction," discussed the negative effects of taxes.One of his notable observations was the inverse relationship between taxation and revenue over the lifespan of a dynasty.He stated, "At the beginning of a dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments.At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments."Ibn Khaldun's statement highlights a fundamental principle in economics known as the Laffer curve, which illustrates the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue.According to his analysis, during the early stages of a dynasty or a new regime, the tax burden on the population is relatively low.Consequently, individuals have a greater incentive to work, invest, and engage in economic activities.This increased economic activity leads to higher tax revenue despite the low tax rates.However, as the dynasty progresses and establishes its dominance, the tax burden tends to increase.Higher tax rates discourage productivity and economic participation among the population.People may be less motivated to work, innovate, or invest due to the heavy tax burden.This can result in a decline in economic output, leading to lower tax revenue despite the higher tax rates.Ibn Khaldun's observation suggests that excessive taxation, especially when accompanied by oppressive or exploitative practices, can have detrimental effects on economic growth, productivity, and overall prosperity.As tax assessments increase, individuals and businesses may resort to various strategies to avoid or evade taxes, leading to a decline in revenue for the ruling dynasty.Overall, Ibn Khaldun's insights serve as a reminder of the delicate balance that must be maintained in taxation policies.It emphasizes the importance of fair and reasonable taxation to foster economic growth, incentivize productivity, and ensure sustainable revenue generation for the state.Ibn Khaldun also discussed the problem of unemployment in his work "The Muqaddimah."He recognized that high levels
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.056 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".