Hydration layer structure modulates superlubrication by trivalent La <sup>3+</sup> electrolytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water-based lubricants provide lubrication of rubbing surfaces in many technical, biological, and physiological applications. The structure of hydrated ion layers adsorbed on solid surfaces that determine the lubricating properties of aqueous lubricants is thought to be invariable in hydration lubrication. However, we prove that the ion surface coverage dictates the roughness of the hydration layer and its lubricating properties, especially under subnanometer confinement. We characterize different hydration layer structures on surfaces lubricated by aqueous trivalent electrolytes. Two superlubrication regimes are observed with friction coefficients of 10 −4 and 10 −3 , depending on the structure and thickness of the hydration layer. Each regime exhibits a distinct energy dissipation pathway and a different dependence to the hydration layer structure. Our analysis supports the idea of an intimate relationship between the dynamic structure of a boundary lubricant film and its tribological properties and offers a framework to study such relationship at the molecular level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".