Ester-Substituted Bispyridinylidenes: Double Concerted Two-Electron Bipolar Molecules for Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Batteries
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organic redox-active molecules are promising materials for charge storage in redox-flow batteries (RFBs); however, the development of all-organic RFBs is hindered by material crossover, limited energy density, and poor stability of active materials. Here, ester-substituted bispyridinylidenes are reported as the first examples of intrinsic bipolar molecules that exhibit basically concerted double two-electron redox activity at a potential difference of 1.01 V. All three oxidation states of the pentylester derivative exhibited excellent temporal stability and good solubility in the electrolyte. Testing this active material in symmetric cells, which alleviates crossover issues, revealed good cyclability (fade of 0.025% and 0.35% per cycle for static and flow cells, respectively), capacities of up to 89% of the theoretical value, and Coulombic efficiencies above 99%. Considering previous evidence for active material solubility limits of ∼2 M, and the benefits of a symmetric design, such double concerted multielectron bipolar active materials will be key to developing energy dense organic RFBs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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