Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book concludes with the most dramatic expression of racism in Canadian history, the Japanese evacuation of 1942.During the spring and summer months of that year, some 20,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry who lived in coastal British Columbia (more than 90 per cent of the Japanese Canadian population) were dispossessed of most of their property and forced to move inland, either to special camps built for their reception, to work sites in western and central Canada, or in a small number of instances to new homes which they found for themselves.The process destroyed the tightly knit Japanese communities which lay scattered along the coast and stripped most Japanese Canadian families of their modest, hardwon wealth.It also laid bare the limits of Canadian liberal democracy.The federal government ordered the evacuation, which was carried out with the active participation of all three levels of government.The policy rested on a broad groundswell of popular support and, while some liberally minded individuals and institutions offered the evacuees a helping hand, no significant public protest questioned either the decision to expel the Japanese Canadians from their homes or the many ensuing acts which put the expulsion machinery in motion.To the extent that the public voice is a reliable guide, Canadians were of one mind on the wartime Japanese question.As this book reveals, the evacuation decision and its aftermath were the culmination of a long history of white hostility toward Asians in British Columbia.Racism had been deeply ingrained in the community from the late 1850s, the earliest days of Chinese immigration, and Japanese migrants arriving later fell heir to this harsh legacy.The book describes its most enduring features and offers an explanation for its virulence and persistence.But the history of Asians in Canada does not end with World War II, nor does the Canadian experience of racism.Until the 1970s Asian immigration remained at low levels.Asian communities across
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.555 | 0.445 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".