Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies of the past are written at a particular moment and in a particular context, reflecting an author's understandings at that time and place; this one is no exception.It took first form in the early 1970s as a doctoral dissertation written at Queen's University.I then reshaped it into the book you see here, pruning the detail and the scholarly apparatus that thesis writers use to display their craft skills, while sketching its broad frameworks in bolder outline.It has remained in print since it first appeared in 1978 and the publishers now wish to extend its life.Needless to say, I'm pleased.But time waits for no one and contexts are ever changing.Canadian historical writing, indeed Canadian society itself, have evolved since the book was first published.Initially I considered revising it and adding a section on the post-World War II years.But in the end I decided to leave the text as it is.A thorough revision would require a very different study, reflecting our own preoccupations and circumstances a well as the twisting path that connects this book's past with its present.If this study can still speak to us from the late 1970s, so be it.Certainly the subject remains timely.Canada is one of the major migrant receiving nations in the modern world.Roughly 15 million immigrants have come here since the dawn of European settlement, half of them since 1950.In absolute terms these numbers may seem small when compared with those entering the United States, the leading destination in the Americas for migrants during the past two centuries.Yet in relative terms they are not: at the turn of the twentyfirst century about 17 per cent of Canada's population is foreign born, twice the proportion of immigrants in American society.Sheer numbers apart, the social, cultural, and economic impact of immigrants on Canada has been enormous.Since the first days of European colonization, generation after generation, wave upon wave of immigrants has touched Canadian shores.First they displaced, and then overwhelmed, the native peoples of northern North America, who gradually became a minority in their own land.Before the mid
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.662 | 0.527 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".