The Role and Impact of Institutional Distance on China’s Export Trade with Countries in Africa and Asia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concept of institutional distance has been gaining prominence in the context of international trade. Recent research has indicated that the impact of institutional distance on exports can be either positive or negative, and is determined by the interplay between substitution and complementary effects arising from trade costs and preferences. The present study investigates the significance of institutional distance in the trade partnership between China and African and Asian countries. In this study, we utilize export trade data at the product-level between China and 103 trading partners, of which 48 are located in Africa and Asia, to estimate the extended gravity model. To investigate the potential impact of institutional distance, we employ a nonlinear gravity equation. The time frame for our analysis spans from 2006 to 2020. Our analysis reveals that the presence of institutional distance poses a significant obstacle to China’s export activities, primarily due to the associated trade costs. China’s export hindered by institutional distance. In addition, the impact of institutional distance on China’s exports is subject to variation based on differentiated products and the geographical location of trading partners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".