Dual Action of Lignin: Electrode and Electrolyte for Sustainable Supercapacitor Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From a sustainability and economic point of view, lignin is a potential biopolymer that can be used as an electrode and electrolyte source for renewable energy applications. In this work, an electrode, i.e., microporous carbon, is prepared from the kraft lignin using a ball-milling method followed by vacuum-assisted carbonization. The milling time of kraft lignin has not only a significant effect on developing large surface area carbon (∼606 m 2 g –1 ) without activation, but at the same time, vacuum-assisted carbonization also minimizes the oxygen content up to ∼1%. The microporous carbon (referred to as KL-8) developed from kraft lignin by optimizing milling time of 8 h in a symmetric supercapacitor displays a specific capacitance of 117.9 F g –1 at a current density of 0.5 A g –1 in lignin-containing 6 M KOH electrolyte (denoted as Lig/6 M KOH) compared to pure 6 M KOH solution (88 F g –1 ). The enhanced capacitance of a symmetric supercapacitor in Lig/6 M KOH electrolyte is attributed to the electronic carrier transported between the carbon electrode and electrolyte interface by virtue of oxygenated groups of lignin dissolved in the 6 M KOH electrolyte. The symmetric supercapacitor shows ultra-stable performance up to 75,000 repetitive charging–discharging cycles at 5 A g –1 with 98.2% capacitance retention. Furthermore, a lignin-derived gel electrolyte membrane is made and used in a solid-state supercapacitor, which exhibits improved electrochemical performance compared to the state-of-the-art polyvinyl alcohol/KOH-based gel electrolyte. Thus, the formulation of the active electrode and electrolyte from a sustainable source of lignin for supercapacitor applications represents a milestone in functionality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".