Delay-Optimized Multi-User VR Streaming via End-Edge Collaborative Neural Frame Interpolation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, with the objective of significantly increasing the frame rate of virtual reality (VR) videos, we design an efficient end-edge collaborative VR streaming system which consists of three modules: frame similarity analysis, offloading decision making, and collaborative frame interpolation. In specific, frame similarity analysis tries to eliminate redundant frames based on perceived quality assessment, so that the required number of interpolated frames can be reduced without deteriorating visual quality. Then, an end-to-end (E2E) delay optimization problem is formulated to obtain the optimal offloading strategy, by balancing the transmission and computing burden of neural frame interpolation via end-edge collaboration. Furthermore, the E2E delay of the proposed system is theoretically analyzed based on queuing theory. Our analysis reveals that, the proposed collaborative distribution of interpolation tasks between edge and end devices are effective to achieve the minimal E2E delay of streaming VR videos. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can significantly improve the frame rate of VR videos, while maintaining timely VR content delivery in various networking conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".