Planetary nebulae and supernova remnants in NGC 4214 from the SIGNALS survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Using datacubes from the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer SITELLE at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope as part of the star formation, ionized gas, and nebular abundances legacy survey, we identify 15 new planetary nebulae (PNe) as well as five new supernova remnants (SNRs) in the outer parts of the nearby dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4214. These data also allow us to study the morphology and kinematics of all 18 known SNRs in this galaxy. We highlight the use of a $\xi = \sigma \frac{\rm {[S{\small \,II}]}}{\rm {H\alpha }}$ diagnostic diagram (σ being the velocity dispersion) to separate SNRs from H ii regions and its advantage compared to classical BPT or Sabbadin diagrams. We provide the emission-line flux ([O iii] λ5007, H α, and H β) and radial velocities of all new PNe candidates, as well as those of 12 of the 17 PNe previously discovered in the central part of the galaxy with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. Finally, we use the [O iii] emission-line luminosity function of the PNe sample to establish a new velocity-independent distance for NGC 4214: $D = 3.23^{+0.18}_{-0.25}$ Mpc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".