The Use of Histology to Distinguish Animal from Human Burnt Bone with Reference to Some Limitations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Histological analysis of human bone tissue within the field of biological anthropology has had a long tradition for interpreting the bones origin and age, and prior to that within anatomy laboratories. This chapter presents an overview of the common tissue types found in animal bone (including human), and provides some qualitative comparisons for unmodified bone and some quantitative comparisons for unmodified bone. It also presents a case study of burnt bone at three temperatures. The study is drawn from several projects originating in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alberta. Primary bone tissue can be described by three recognizable types. The first is known as fetal bone and is the earliest bone formed, woven bone. Secondary bone tissue is divided into two types: Haversian systems and non-Haversian lamellar bone. Research on the bone structures in domestic pigs confirms the artiodactyl pattern of predominantly plexiform bone with few scattered secondary osteons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".