Advances in Nickel-Catalyzed O-Arylation of Aliphatic Alcohols and Phenols with (Hetero)aryl Electrophiles
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Transition-metal catalysis has been consequential in enabling carbon–heteroatom bond-forming reactions. Recent breakthroughs in Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings have offered competitive and, in some cases, superior reactivity to Pd- or Cu-based processes. Amidst the ongoing renaissance in this field, the Ni-catalyzed C–O cross-coupling of alcohols and (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides has surfaced as an effective strategy for the synthesis of (hetero)aryl ethers. Methodologies to achieve such transformations tend to rely on one of three catalytic approaches: (i) thermal conditions often accompanied by ancillary ligand design tailored for Ni catalysis; (ii) the synergistic combination of photoredox and Ni catalysis; or (iii) electrochemically driven Ni catalysis. In some instances, these protocols have provided access to expanded C–O cross-coupling substrate scope, including the use of inexpensive and abundant electrophile coupling partners (e.g., (hetero)aryl chlorides). This Short Review aims to summarize recent progress in the development of Ni-catalyzed O-arylations of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic alcohols, as well as phenols, with (hetero)aryl electrophiles. 1 Introduction 2 Thermally Promoted Ni C–O Cross-Coupling 2.1 Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Alcohols 2.2 Tertiary Aliphatic Alcohols 2.3 Phenols 3 Photochemically Promoted Ni C–O Cross-Coupling 3.1 Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Alcohols 3.2 Phenols 4 Electrochemically Promoted Ni C–O Cross-Coupling 4.1 Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Alcohols 5 Conclusions and Outlook
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it