Alternative renewable energy in Bhutan: Key findings and policy recommendations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biomass and hydropower are the principal sources of energy in Bhutan. In the future too, the latter is expected to play a significant role in meeting the country’s electricity needs and in earning export revenue. But, for transportation and other purposes, the country still has to import fuel. It is in this context and because of the country’s high dependence on hydroelectricity, as well as due to rising energy usage and falling prices of other renewable energy commodities that it has been deemed necessary to look into other renewable energy sources to diversify the country’s energy mix and economy. Thus, in a concerted manner, the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) has been exploring avenues of alternative renewable energy (ARE) sources. For this, the Department of Renewable Energy (DRE), has been entrusted with the responsibility of developing sustainable energy channels and promoting renewable energy technologies (RETs). This report analyses the achievements in the field of renewable energy in Bhutan and outlines the findings and recommendations so that the country is able to scale up its renewable energy capabilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".