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Record W4385061330 · doi:10.4236/jss.2023.117016

Depopulation of Albania and Its Movement toward the UK

2023· article· en· W4385061330 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Alesia Balliu

Bibliographic record

VenueOpen Journal of Social Sciences · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicMigration and Labor Dynamics
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsUnemploymentPopulationCommunismPoliticsEmigrationPovertyGovernment (linguistics)Demographic economicsPolitical scienceEconomic growthDevelopment economicsSociologyDemographyEconomicsLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Albania experienced irregular economic growth, which was related to institutional and political changes, which had a considerable influence on population mobility. According to INSTAT despite a dramatic fall in rural poverty to 15% in 2009, unemployment remained high, particularly among young mothers, who retreated from the labor market in large numbers after communist control of the labor market terminated mandatory participation. The methodology used in this study consists merely of the conducted research and data collection. Initially, various research was carried out to understand the changes in population size and the main problems that caused the movement. Around 75% of Albanian emigrants currently call Italy and Greece home, with the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Belgium following closely after. According to research conducted by British government authorities in August 2022, 1727 Albanian entries were recorded in May and June 2022, particularly in comparison to just 898 between 2018 and 2021, implying that Albanians made up between 50 and 60 percent of irregular small boat migrants’ arrivals. The methodology used in this study consists merely of the conducted research and data collection. Initially, various research was carried out to understand the changes in population size and the main problems that caused the movement. The most often claimed motivation was economic, which was frequently tied to political instability. Most male migrants to the UK go alone; however, they may rely on family members and trusted contacts as well as less trusted and frequently unscrupulous agencies along the way. A result of this research paper is that Albanians are migrating because of poverty. Albania is facing a catastrophic demographic decline as a result of reduced birth rates and increased emigration. This research paper aims to address several reasons why Albanian inhabitants seek to move abroad.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.581
Threshold uncertainty score0.583

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.093
GPT teacher head0.404
Teacher spread0.312 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designQualitative
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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