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fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
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VenueThe Lancet Neurology · 2023
Typereview
Languageen
FieldImmunology and Microbiology
TopicBacterial Infections and Vaccines
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersHealth Data Research UKEuropean Social FundDivision of Human Resource DevelopmentFaculty of Medicine and Health, University of SydneySistema Nacional de InvestigadoresRussian Academy of SciencesFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaNational Health and Medical Research CouncilMaryland Population Research Center, University of MarylandSamsungDirectorate for Biological SciencesNational Institutes of HealthUniwersytet OpolskiHumanitas Research HospitalPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityUniversitas Sam RatulangiNIH Clinical CenterMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyJahrom University of Medical SciencesImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityLingnan UniversityKurdistan University Of Medical SciencesAl-Farabi Kazakh National UniversityUniversity of NizwaLorestan University of Medical SciencesAlborz University of Medical SciencesKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyGonabad University of Medical SciencesUniversity of ZanjanKhulna UniversityDire Dawa UniversityZanjan University of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityAlfaisal UniversityUniversity of GondarMadda Walabu UniversityShahid Bahonar University of KermanFakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U KragujevcuUniversitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie "Carol Davila" BucureştiUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisUrmia UniversityUniversity of Cape TownSecretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e InnovaciónYarmouk UniversityUniversidade de LisboaShahrekord University of Medical SciencesUniversitetet i OsloMasarykova UniverzitaUniversitair Medisch Centrum GroningenLeids Universitair Medisch CentrumNankai UniversityShahrekord UniversityIndian Council of Medical ResearchWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterKing Fahad Medical CityHaramaya UniversityInyuvesi Yakwazulu-NataliFederation University AustraliaAbdul Wali Khan University MardanUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaGolestan University of Medical SciencesCardiff UniversityUniversità di CataniaUniversità degli Studi di FirenzeSultan Qaboos UniversityRajiv Gandhi University of Health SciencesNational Cheng Kung UniversityKing Abdulaziz UniversityUrmia University of Medical SciencesUniversitas PadjadjaranUniversity of the Western CapeTulane UniversitySungkyunkwan UniversityGachon UniversityUniversity of ExeterKyung Hee UniversityUniversidad de ConcepciónYonsei UniversityMinistarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog RazvojaKing Saud UniversityCentro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e AmbientalAin Shams UniversityWollega UniversityUniversiteit StellenboschPublic Health EnglandMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyTabriz University of Medical SciencesUniversitas IndonesiaUniversity of Technology SydneyUniversity of PretoriaUniversity of New South WalesRijksuniversiteit GroningenCleveland ClinicUniversity College CorkAmity UniversityDebre Tabor UniversityShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityCancer Institute NSWUniversity of LeedsMcMaster UniversityUniversity of OxfordIsfahan University of Medical SciencesSyddansk UniversitetManipal Academy of Higher EducationMeningitis Research FoundationHormozgan University of Medical SciencesKasturba Medical College, ManipalNorthwell HealthCase Western Reserve UniversityUniversity of SydneyUniversity of WollongongAsian Institute of Medicine, Science and TechnologyNemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs HivatalUniversity of Engineering and Technology, LahoreMonash UniversitySouth Eastern Sydney Local Health DistrictIran University of Medical SciencesRajarata University of Sri LankaShaqra UniversityLebanese American UniversitySüleyman Demirel ÜniversitesiAnglia Ruskin UniversityTaibah UniversityInternational Medical UniversityWellcome TrustMinistero della SaluteArizona State UniversityNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchUniversity of PatrasUniversity of KarachiCharles Sturt UniversityUniversidade do PortoAustralian GovernmentStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesBahir Dar UniversitySheffield Hallam UniversityMazandaran University of Medical SciencesNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversiteit LeidenUniversiti Tun Hussein Onn MalaysiaJames Cook UniversityRajshahi UniversitySaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesUniversity of TabrizEuropean CommissionHelsingin YliopistoDilla UniversityUniversität BaselUniversidade da Beira InteriorUniversity of Central PunjabAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesMassachusetts General HospitalHawassa UniversityKuwait UniversityUniversidade de São PauloAcademy of Scientific Research and TechnologyBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaTechnische Universität MünchenIndiana University HealthCleveland Clinic FoundationUniversidad de AntioquiaNew Mexico State UniversityUniversity of South CarolinaIslamic Azad UniversityU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsRice UniversityVanderbilt UniversityNational University of SingaporeUniversitatea din BucureștiLa Trobe UniversityCurtin University of TechnologyBill and Melinda Gates Foundation
KeywordsBurden of diseaseMedicineDiseaseMeningitisDisease burdenIntensive care medicineGlobal healthEnvironmental healthPediatricsPublic healthInternal medicinePathology
Abstract
fetched live from OpenAlexBACKGROUND: Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we aimed to assess incident cases and deaths due to acute infectious meningitis by aetiology and age from 1990 to 2019, for 204 countries and territories. METHODS: We modelled meningitis mortality using vital registration, verbal autopsy, sample-based vital registration, and mortality surveillance data. Meningitis morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian compartmental model, using data from the published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as surveillance data, inpatient hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and cause-specific meningitis mortality estimates. For aetiology estimation, data from multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature studies were analysed by use of a network analysis model to estimate the proportion of meningitis deaths and cases attributable to the following aetiologies: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and a residual other pathogen category. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were an estimated 236 000 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 204 000-277 000) and 2·51 million (2·11-2·99) incident cases due to meningitis globally. The burden was greatest in children younger than 5 years, with 112 000 deaths (87 400-145 000) and 1·28 million incident cases (0·947-1·71) in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 7·5 (6·6-8·4) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 3·3 (2·8-3·9) per 100 000 population in 2019. The highest proportion of total all-age meningitis deaths in 2019 was attributable to S pneumoniae (18·1% [17·1-19·2]), followed by N meningitidis (13·6% [12·7-14·4]) and K pneumoniae (12·2% [10·2-14·3]). Between 1990 and 2019, H influenzae showed the largest reduction in the number of deaths among children younger than 5 years (76·5% [69·5-81·8]), followed by N meningitidis (72·3% [64·4-78·5]) and viruses (58·2% [47·1-67·3]). INTERPRETATION: Substantial progress has been made in reducing meningitis mortality over the past three decades. However, more meningitis-related deaths might be prevented by quickly scaling up immunisation and expanding access to health services. Further reduction in the global meningitis burden should be possible through low-cost multivalent vaccines, increased access to accurate and rapid diagnostic assays, enhanced surveillance, and early treatment. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.691
Threshold uncertainty score0.597
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Teacher spread0.265 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
