Enucleation of the <i>C. elegans</i> embryo revealed the mechanism of dynein-dependent spacing between microtubule asters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The centrosome is a major microtubule-organizing center in animal cells. The intracellular positioning of the centrosomes is important for proper cellular function. One of the features of centrosome positioning is the spacing between centrosomes. The spacing activity is mediated by microtubules extending from the centrosomes; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To characterize the spacing activity in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, a genetic setup was developed to produce enucleated embryos. The centrosome duplicated multiple times in the enucleated embryo, which enabled us to characterize the chromosome-independent spacing activity between sister and non-sister centrosome pairs. We knocked down genes in the enucleated embryo and found that the timely spacing was dependent on cytoplasmic dynein. Based on these results, we propose a stoichiometric model of cortical and cytoplasmic pulling forces for the spacing between centrosomes. We also found a dynein-independent but non-muscle myosin II-dependent movement of the centrosomes in a later cell cycle phase. The dynein-dependent spacing mechanisms for positioning the centrosomes revealed in this study is likely functioning in the cell with nucleus and chromosomes, including the processes of centrosome separation and spindle elongation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".