Assessing Livestock Farm Financial Performance and Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Ghana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study assesses the association between climatesmart agricultural practices (CSAP) and livestock farm economic performance.The data used for this study consist of 260 livestock farmers from the Northern part of Ghana.Due to the problem of selection bias, the endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was applied for the study's analysis.The result also showed that CSAP has a positive and significant association with livestock farm financial performance.Thus, net returns, returns on investment (ROI), and livestock profit margins are more likely to increase as farmers adopt CSAP.Moreover, we observe that women in livestock farming and high-income earners involved in CSAP tend to have higher net returns, ROI, and profit margins compared to their counterparts.The results from this study have shown that CSAP can be a great channel for livestock development in the nation.The results provide clues to national governments and policymakers to initiate strategies and methods to make CSAP attractive for agricultural growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".