Prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and early-phase DISH across the lifespan of an American population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: DISH is a common musculoskeletal disorder; however, the imaging features and disease continuum from early to advanced stages is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of DISH and early-phase DISH in an American population and to assess the extent and pattern of ectopic mineralization across the thoracic spine. METHODS: Data were retrieved in collaboration with the Rochester Epidemiology Project. We conducted a retrospective image evaluation of a sample of individuals over 19 years of age with CT of the thoracic spine from a Northern US catchment area. Stratified random sampling by age and sex was used to populate the study. We examined the prevalence and extent of ectopic mineralization along the thoracic spine using previously established criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1536 unique images (766 female and 770 male individuals) including 16 710 motion segments were evaluated for imaging features of the continuum of DISH. Collectively, 40.5% of all motion segments evaluated displayed evidence of ectopic mineralization in the thoracic spine. The prevalence of early-phase DISH was 13.2% (10.4% of female and 15.8% of male individuals). The prevalence of established DISH was 14.2% (7.4% of female and 20.9% of male individuals). Remarkable heterogeneity was detected in individuals within each disease classification, based on the extent of the thoracic spine affected and degree of mineralization. CONCLUSIONS: The continuum of imaging features associated with DISH is detected in more than one in four adults and both sexes in an American population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".