Evaluating the Efficacy of Phosphogypsum as a Soil Amendment for Enhancing Fertility in Compacted Gray-Earth Soils of Kazakhstan During Comprehensive Land Reclamation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of phosphogypsum as a bioameliorant for the restoration and rational utilization of compacted gray soils, saline, and degraded lands has gained increasing importance due to the need to mitigate the technogenic impact on the environment caused by industrial waste. This study aimed to investigate the potential of phosphogypsum as an alternative means for restoring compacted gray-earth soils in degraded and saline irrigated lands. Field experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of phosphogypsum application from both production and agroecological perspectives. Various doses of chemameliorants were applied to compacted gray-earth degraded and saline soils, and the optimal conditions for restoring soil fertility were determined under experimental field settings. It was observed that the use of phosphogypsum reduced the necessity for mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, phosphogypsum application was found to improve soil structure, resulting in an increase in humus content by 59.0-82.2%. The soil's ability to retain moisture was also enhanced, with an increase in porosity ranging from 20% to 30%. In the root zone, phosphogypsum created conditions conducive to crop production, with salinity levels decreasing by 50-75%. These findings suggest that phosphogypsum can be effectively employed as a soil amendment for enhancing fertility in compacted gray-earth soils during comprehensive land reclamation efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".