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Electronics Design of the IceCube-Gen2 Optical Module Prototype
Sean Griffin, M. Ackermann, Jenni Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, Juanan Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, K. Andeen, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, Sofia Athanasiadou, Jan Audehm, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Moreno Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, Vedant Basu, Ryan Bay, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, Charlotte Benning, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, Abigail Bishop, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, M. Böhmer, Federico Bontempo, Julia Book, Jürgen Borowka, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Sebastian BOSER, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Sjoerd Bouma, Etienne Bourbeau, Jim Braun, Bennett Brinson, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Ryan T. Burley, Raffaela Busse, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, Kiara Carloni, Erin Carnie-Bronca, Maddalena Cataldo, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Chujie Chen, Zheyang Chen, D. Chirkin, Seowon Choi, Brian Clark, Rogan Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, Gabriel Collin, J. M. Conrad, D. F. Cowen, Basudeb Dasgupta, Pranav Dave, Cosmin Deaconu, C. De Clercq, Simon De Kockere, James DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado Lopez, Shuyang Deng, Kunal Deoskar, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, A. Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Markus Dittmer, Alba Domi, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, Enrico Ellinger, Sharif El Mentawi, Dominik Elsässer, Ralph Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, John Evans, J. J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Ke Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, Benjamin Flaggs, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Alexander Fritz, Toshihiro Fujii, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, L. Gerhardt, Roman August Gernhaeuser, Pawan Giri, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, Noah Goehlke, Sreetama Goswami, Darren Grant, Shannon Gray, Oliver Gries, Spencer Griswold, David Joseph Guevel, Christoph Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, Christian Haack, Tara Haji Azim, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, S. Hallmann, L. Halve, F. Halzen, H. Hamdaoui, Martin Ha Minh, K. Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, Patrick Hatch, Jim Haugen, A. Haungs, D. Heinen, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, Brian Hendricks, Felix Henningsen, Jakob Henrichs, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Nils Heyer, Stephanie Hickford, Attila Hidvégi, Joshua Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Kara Hoffman, Benjamin D. Hoffmann, Killian Holzapfel, Sam Hori, Kotoyo Hoshina, Wenjie Hou, Thomas S. Huber, T. Huege, K. Hughes, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, Karolin Hymon, Seongjin In, A. Ishihara, Marc Jacquart, Oliver Janik, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, Ben Jones, O. Kalekin, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, T. Katori, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Arifa Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, Takurõ Kobayashi, Alina Kochocki, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, C. B. Krauss, Ilya Kravchenko, Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar, Emmett Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. J. Larson, Silvia Latseva, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Ji-Woong Lee, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Massimiliano Lincetto, Qinrui Liu, Maria Liubarska, Manisha Lohan, Elisa Lohfink, J. M. LoSecco, Christina Love, Cristian Jesús Lozano Mariscal, Lu Lü, Francesco Lucarelli, Yang Lyu, Jim Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, Sarah Mancina, Shivesh Mandalia, Wenceslas Marie Sainte, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, Matthew Marsee, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, Thomas McElroy, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Zackary Meyers, Jessie Micallef, Masha Mikhailova, Justin Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Yasutsugu Morii, Bob Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tista Mukherjee, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, Maxwell Nakos, Ashish Narayan, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Akshima Negi, A. Nelles, Miriam Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Andreas Noell, Alexander Novikov, Sarah Nowicki, A. Nozdrina, Eric Oberla, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, Marie Oehler, Bob Oeyen, Alex Olivas, Rasmus Ørsøe, Jesse Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, László Papp, Nahee Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. C. Petersen, Josh F. Peterson, Saskia Philippen, Sarah Pieper, J. L. Pinfold, A. Pizzuto, Ilse Plaisier, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, Yuriy Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, Brandon Pries, Rachel Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, John Rack-Helleis, M. Rameez, Katherine Rawlins, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Patrick Reichherzer, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, Benedikt Riedel, Michael Riegel, Adam Rifaie, Ella Roberts, Sally Robertson, Steven T. Rodan, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, Pranav Sampathkumar, Sebastian Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, P. Sandstrom, M. Santander, Sourav Sarkar, S. Sarkar, Joelle Savelberg, Pierpaolo Savina, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, Sebastian Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, Berit Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, Torsten C. Schmidt, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Georg Schwefer, D. Seckel, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, S. Seunarine, Mike Shaevitz, Riya Shah, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, Daniel Smith, Ben Smithers, Robert Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, Daniel Southall, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, T. Stezelberger, Jethro Stoffels, Timo Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, A. Taketa, Hiroyuki Tanaka, S. Ter–Antonyan, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Will Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, Serap Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, Christoph Tönnis, Jorge Torres, S. Toscano, Delia Tosi, Alexander Trettin, Y. Tsunesada, C. F. Tung, Roxanne Turcotte, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Bunheng Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, Karriem Upshaw, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, Javi Vara, Darko Veberič, Joshua Veitch-Michaelis, Megha Venugopal, Stef Verpoest, A. G. Vieregg, Aishwarya Vijai, C. Walck, Chris Weaver, Philip Weigel, Andreas Weindl, Jan Weldert, Christoph Welling, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, Nathan Willey, Dawn Williams, Stephanie Wissel, Lucas Witthaus, Annika Wolf, Martin Wolf, Gunter Worner, Gerrit Wrede, Steven Wren, Xianwu Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, Robert A. Young, Felix J. Yu, Shiqi Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Zelong Zhang, Pavel Zhelnin, Simon Zierke, Melany Zimmerman
Bibliographic record
Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityChiba UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftVetenskapsrådetUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonU.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureEuropean CommissionWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetNational Research FoundationMichigan State UniversityUniversity of OxfordCompute CanadaMarquette University
KeywordsPhotomultiplierNeutrinoPhysicsUpgradeElectronicsData acquisitionNeutrino detectorCosmic rayDetectorComputer scienceElectrical engineeringNeutrino oscillationAstronomyParticle physicsEngineeringOpticsOperating system
Abstract
IceCube-Gen2 is a planned extension to the existing IceCube Neutrino Observatory and will provide an order of magnitude increase in the detection rate of cosmic neutrinos by deploying ~10,000 sensors in a volume of ~8 cubic kilometers. As part of the upcoming IceCube Upgrade, we are developing prototype IceCube-Gen2 sensors to test all components in-situ in preparation for mass production required for IceCube-Gen2. The novel IceCube-Gen2 module will contain up to eighteen 4-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The signals for each PMT are digitized with a 2-channel, 12-bit ADC (low- and high-gain) at a rate of 60 MSps. In addition, each module contains LED flashers for in-ice calibration, an FPGA for performing in-module local coincidence of PMT signals, and onboard $\mu$SD flash memory for buffering data before it is sent to the surface. In this contribution, we discuss the electronics and data acquisition system design.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: Methods
Teacher disagreement score0.011
Threshold uncertainty score0.037
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.226
Teacher spread0.212 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreMethods
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations3
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes