Real-Time FPGA-Based Implementation of Digital Predistorters for Fully Digital MIMO Transmitters
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the hardware implementation of a real-time digital predistorter (DPD) for fully digital multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitters. The predistorter is comprised of a dual-input single-output (DISO) DPD module for each chain and a shared crosstalk and mismatch (CTMM) module that estimates the reflected wave back into each PA. The proposed real-time DPD is a DISO piece-wise linear (PWL) model implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and achieves a linearization bandwidth up to 1.2 GHz at a clock rate of 300 MHz. The real-time DPD engine is demonstrated on a four-chain MIMO testbed and validated against a PC-based DPD engine. The FPGA-based DISO DPD performs within 1 dB ACPR of the PC-based implementation and achieves a similar root-normalized-mean-square error (RNMSE) of 1.59%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it