Cytokinins control secondary cell wall formation in the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Spatiotemporal control over developmental programs is vital to all organisms. Here we show that cytokinin (signaling) deficiency leads to early secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in Arabidopsis inflorescence stem that associates with precocious upregulation of a SCW transcriptional cascade controlled by NAC TFs (NSTs). We demonstrate that cytokinin signaling through the AHK2/3 and the ARR1/10/12 suppresses the expression of several NSTs and SCW formation in the apical portions of stems. Exogenous cytokinin application reconstituted both proper development and apical-basal gradient of NST1 and NST3 in a cytokinin biosynthesis-deficient mutant. We show that AHK2 and AHK3 required functional NST1 or NST3 to control SCW initiation in the interfascicular fibers, further evidencing that cytokinins act upstream of NST s transcription factors. The premature onset of a rigid SCW biosynthesis and altered expression of NST1/3 and VND6/7 due to cytokinin deficiency led to the formation of smaller tracheary elements (TEs) and impaired hydraulic conductivity. We conclude that cytokinins downregulate NSTs to inhibit premature SCW formation in the apical part of the inflorescence stem, facilitating thus the development of fully functional TEs and interfascicular fibers. Summary statement Cytokinins attenuate premature secondary cell wall (SCW) formation via downregulating the expression of NAC TFs, the master switches of SCW transcriptional cascade, thus affecting the tracheary elements size and conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".