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Cosmic Ray Anisotropy with Eleven Years of IceCube Data
Frank McNally, P. Desiati, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Christina Cochling, Katherine Gruchot, William M. Hayes, Andrew Moy, Emily Schmidt, Andrew K. Thorpe, M. Ackermann, Jenni Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, Juanan Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, K. Andeen, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, Sofia Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Moreno Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, Vedant Basu, Ryan Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, Charlotte Benning, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, Federico Bontempo, Julia Book, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Sebastian BOSER, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Etienne Bourbeau, Jim Braun, Bennett Brinson, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Ryan T. Burley, Raffaela Busse, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, Kiara Carloni, Erin Carnie-Bronca, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Chujie Chen, Zheyang Chen, D. Chirkin, Seowon Choi, Brian Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, Gabriel Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado Lopez, Shuyang Deng, Kunal Deoskar, Abhishek Desai, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, Alejandro Díaz, Markus Dittmer, Alba Domi, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, Enrico Ellinger, Sharif El Mentawi, Dominik Elsässer, Ralph Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Ke Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, Noah Goehlke, Javier González, Sreetama Goswami, Darren Grant, Shannon Gray, Oliver Gries, S. Griffin, Spencer Griswold, Kathrine Mørch Groth, Christoph Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, H. Hamdaoui, Martin Ha Minh, K. Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, Patrick Hatch, A. Haungs, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, Felix Henningsen, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Nils Heyer, Stephanie Hickford, Attila Hidvégi, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Kara Hoffman, Sam Hori, Kotoyo Hoshina, Wenjie Hou, Thomas S. Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, Karolin Hymon, Seongjin In, A. Ishihara, Marc Jacquart, Oliver Janik, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, Ben Jones, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Arifa Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, Alina Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar, Karlijn Kruiswijk, Emmett Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, Naoko Kurahashi Neilson, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Silvia Latseva, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Jiwoong Lee, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Massimiliano Lincetto, Qinrui Liu, Maria Liubarska, Elisa Lohfink, Christina Love, Cristian Jesús Lozano Mariscal, Lu Lü, Francesco Lucarelli, William Luszczak, Yang Lyu, Jim Madsen, Kendall Mahn, Yuya Makino, Elena Manao, Sarah Mancina, Wenceslas Marie Sainte, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, Matthew Marsee, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, Thomas McElroy, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Jessie Micallef, Justin Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Yasutsugu Morii, Bob Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tista Mukherjee, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, Maxwell Nakos, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Akshima Negi, Miriam Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Andreas Noell, Alexander Novikov, Sarah Nowicki, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, Marie Oehler, Bob Oeyen, Alex Olivas, Rasmus Ørsøe, Jesse Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, Nahee Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Josh Peterson, Saskia Philippen, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Axel Pontén, Yuriy Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, Brandon Pries, Rachel Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, John Rack-Helleis, Katherine Rawlins, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Patrick Reichherzer, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, Benedikt Riedel, Adam Rifaie, Ella Roberts, Sally Robertson, Steven T. Rodan, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, Li Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, Pranav Sampathkumar, Sebastian Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, M. Santander, Sourav Sarkar, S. Sarkar, Joelle Savelberg, Pierpaolo Savina, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, Sebastian Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, Berit Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, Torsten Schmidt, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Georg Schwefer, D. Seckel, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, S. Seunarine, Riya Shah, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, Ben Smithers, Robert Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, T. Stezelberger, Timo Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Will Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, Serap Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, Christoph Tönnis, S. Toscano, Delia Tosi, Alexander Trettin, C. F. Tung, Roxanne Turcotte, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Bunheng Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, Karriem Upshaw, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, Javi Vara, Joshua Veitch-Michaelis, Megha Venugopal, Matthias Vereecken, Stef Verpoest, Doğa Veske, Aishwarya Vijai, C. Walck, Chris Weaver, Philip Weigel, Andreas Weindl, Jan Weldert, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, Nathan Willey, Dawn Williams, Lucas Witthaus, Annika Wolf, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Xianwu Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, Robert Young, Felix J. Yu, Shiqi Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Zelong Zhang, Pavel Zhelnin, Melany Zimmerman
Bibliographic record
Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
FundersOffice of Polar ProgramsSantenOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonNational Science Foundation
KeywordsCosmic rayPhysicsMuonAnisotropyNorthern HemisphereAstrophysicsObservatoryEvent (particle physics)COSMIC cancer databaseAstronomyEnergy spectrumNuclear physicsOptics
Abstract
The IceCube Observatory provides our highest-statistics picture of the cosmic-ray arrival directions in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 700 billion cosmic-ray-induced muon events collected between May 2011 and May 2022. Using the larger data volume, we find an improved significance of the PeV cosmic ray anisotropy down to scales of $6^\circ$. In addition, we observe a variation in the angular power spectrum as a function of energy, hinting at a relative decrease in large-scale features above 100 TeV. The data-taking period covers a complete solar cycle, providing new insight into the time variability of the signal. We present preliminary results using this up-to-date event sample.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.005
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.017
Threshold uncertainty score0.034
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.242
Teacher spread0.223 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations1
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes