Bibliographic record
Abstract
Starburst galaxies are thought to form when two galaxies interact and sometimes merge. These unique objects have high star-formation rates and hence high supernova rates, as well as large reservoirs of very dense gas. Assuming galactic cosmic rays originate in supernovae, starburst galaxies should contain copious quantities of cosmic rays that produce diffuse very-high-energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) gamma-ray emission via their interaction with the gaseous material. VERITAS, an array of 12-m atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in Arizona, USA, was used to detect VHE emission from the starburst galaxy M 82 during deep observations in 2008-09. However, the initial VERITAS detection was weak and much deeper observations were needed to draw strong conclusions regarding the underlying emission and transport processes. Accordingly, VERITAS was used to perform an extensive observation campaign on M 82 and approximately 335 hours of data were taken. Several other starburst galaxies were also observed in the past few years. A brief summary of the results from these starburst-galaxy observations is presented here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".