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Pybkgmodel - a background modelling toolbox for the CTA
Marcel C. Strzys, Kazuki Abe, Shotaro Abe, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, Jorge Alfaro, Nuria Álvarez Crespo, Rafael Alves Batista, Jean-Philippe Amans, Elena Amato, Filippo Ambrosino, E. O. Angüner, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, Cornelia Arcaro, Luisa Arrabito, Katsuaki Asano, J. Aschersleben, Halim Ashkar, Luiz Augusto Stuani, Dominik Baack, Michael Backes, Csaba Balázs, Matteo Balbo, Andrés Baquero, V. Barbosa Martins, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, D. Bastieri, Pedro Ivo Batista, Ivana Batković, R. Batzofin, Joshua Ryo Baxter, Geoffrey Beck, J. Becker Tjus, Lukas Beiske, Daniele Belardinelli, W. Benbow, E. Bernardini, Juan Bernete Medrano, K. Bernlöhr, A. Berti, Vasyl Beshley, Pooja Bhattacharjee, Saptashwa Bhattacharyya, Baiyang Bi, Noah Biederbeck, A. Biland, E. Bissaldi, O. Blanch, Jiří Blažek, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, G. Bonnoli, P. Bordas, Ž. Bošnjak, Federica Bradascio, Catherine Braiding, E. Bronzini, Robert Brose, A. M. Brown, F. Brun, Giulia Brunelli, A. Bulgarelli, Irene Burelli, L. Burmistrov, Michael Burton, T. Bylund, P. Calisse, Anna Campoy-Ordaz, Brandon Khan Cantlay, Milvia Capalbi, Anderson Caproni, R. Capuzzo‐Dolcetta, Colin Carlile, Sami Caroff, A. Carosi, R. Carosi, Marie-Sophie Carrasco, E. Cascone, Noelia Castrejon, Fernando Catalani, Davide Cerasole, M. Cerruti, S. Chaty, A. Chen, M. Chernyakova, A. Chiavassa, J. Chudoba, Carlos H. Coimbra-Araújo, Vito Conforti, F. Conte, J. L. Contreras, Christophe Cossou, Alessandro Costa, H. Costantini, Pierre Cristofari, Omar Cuevas, Zachary Curtis-Ginsberg, Giacomo D’Amico, F. D’Ammando, M. Dadina, M. Dalchenko, Ludovic David, I. D. Davids, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, Mathieu de Bony de Lavergne, Vincenzo De Caprio, G. De Cesare, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, B. De Lotto, Mario de Lucia, Raniere de Menezes, M. de Naurois, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, N. De Simone, L. del Peral, M. V. del Valle, E. Delagnes, Andres Gabriel Delgado Giler, Michael Dellaiera, R. Della Ceca, M. Della Valle, D. della Volpe, Davide Depaoli, A. Dettlaff, Tristano Di Girolamo, Ambra Di Piano, F. Di Pierro, Riccardo Di Tria, L. Di Venere, Christian Díaz-Bahamondes, Claudio Dib, Sebastian Diebold, R. Dima, Adithiya Dinesh, A. Djannati-Ataı̈, Julia Isabel Djuvsland, A. Domínguez, Rune Michael Dominik, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, Julien Dörner, M. Doro, R. C. dos Anjos, Jean-Laurent Dournaux, Dainis Dravins, Chaimongkol Duangchan, Coline Dubos, Vikram V. Dwarkadas, Jan Ebr, Christopher Eckner, K. Egberts, S. Einecke, Dominik Elsässer, Gabriel Emery, Miguel Escobar Godoy, Juan Escudero, P. Esposito, D. Falceta-Gonçalves, V. Fallah Ramazanı, Alice Faure, E. Fedorova, S. Fegan, Kirsty Feijen, Q. Feng, Gilles Ferrand, F. Ferrarotto, E. Fiandrini, A. Fiaßon, V. Fioretti, L. Foffano, G. Fontaine, Stefan Fröse, Satoshi Fukami, Y. Fukui, S. Funk, Daniele Gaggero, Giorgio Galanti, Gaspar Galaz, Yves Gallant, S. Gallozzi, V. Gammaldi, Claudio Gasbarra, M. Gaug, Arsen Ghalumyan, F. Gianotti, M. Giarrusso, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, A. Giuliani, J. F. Glicenstein, Jonas Glombitza, P. Goldoni, José Mauricio González, M. M. González, Jaziel G. Coelho, Jonathan Granot, Dario Grasso, Roger Grau Haro, Jarred Gershon Green, T. Greenshaw, G. Grolleron, J. Grube, O. Gueta, S. Gunji, D. Hadasch, P. Hamal, W. Hanlon, Satoshi Hara, Violet M. Harvey, Kazuaki Hashiyama, T. Hassan, Matthieu Heller, Sergio Hernández Cadena, Jonathan Hie, Nagisa Hiroshima, B. Hnatyk, R. Hnatyk, D. Hoffmann, Werner Hofmann, Markus Holler, Deirdre Horan, Pavel Horváth, T. Hovatta, Dario Hrupec, Saqib Hussain, Marco Iarlori, Tomohiro Inada, Federico Incardona, Yusuke Inome, Susumu Inoue, Fabio Iocco, Kazuma Ishio, M. Jamrozy, Petr Janeček, F. Jankowsky, Christian Jarnot, P. Jean, Irene Jiménez Martínez, W. Jin, L. Jocou, Claire Juramy, Jakub Jurýšek, O. Kalekin, Dimitrios Kantzas, V. Karas, S. Kaufmann, D. Kerszberg, B. Khélifi, D. Kieda, T. K. Kleiner, W. Kluźniak, Yukiho Kobayashi, Kazunori Kohri, Nu. Komin, Paula Kornecki, K. Kosack, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, N. La Palombara, María Láinez, A. Lamastra, J. Lapington, Sanja Lazarević, Jasmina Lazendic-Galloway, Steve Leach, M. Lemoine‐Goumard, J.-P. Lenain, G. Leto, Fabian Leuschner, E. Lindfors, Maximilian Linhoff, Ioannis Liodakis, Lozach Loïc, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, R. López-Coto, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, J. J. Lozano Bahilo, Pedro L. Luque‐Escamilla, Oscar Macías, G. Maier, P. Majumdar, D. Malyshev, Dušan Mandát, Giulio Manicò, Peter David Marinos, Sera Markoff, I. Márquez, Patricia Márquez, G. Marsella, J. Martı́, Pierrick Martin, Gustavo Augusto Martínez, M. Martı́nez, Oibar Martínez, Christophe Marty, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, M. Mastropietro, G. Maurin, W. Max-Moerbeck, D. Mazin, David Melkumyan, Stefano Menchiari, Jean‐Luc Meunier, D M-A Meyer, Davide Miceli, Miltiadis Michailidis, J. Michałowski, Tjark Miener, J. M. Miranda, Alison Mitchell, Masaya Mizote, Tsunefumi Mizuno, R. Moderski, L. Mohrmann, Cesare Molfese, E. Molina, T. Montaruli, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, Katharina Morik, A. Morselli, E. Moulin, Victor Moya Zamanillo, R. Mukherjee, Kevin Munari, Adam Muraczewski, H. Muraishi, Takeshi Nakamori, Lara Nava, Amrit Nayak, Rodrigo Nemmen, Lukas Nickel, J. Niemiec, D. Nieto, M. Nievas Rosillo, M. Nikołajuk, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, Dalibor Nosek, B. Novosyadlyj, Vladimír Novotný, S. Nozaki, P. T. O’Brien, M. Ohishi, Yoshiki Ohtani, A. Okumura, J. F. Olive, Barbara Olmi, R. A. Ong, M. Orienti, Reiko Orito, M. Orlandini, M. Ostrowski, A. N. Otte, I. Pagano, A. Pagliaro, M. Palatiello, Gabriele Panebianco, J. M. Paredes, N. Parmiggiani, Sonal Ramesh Patel, B. Patricelli, Dijana Pavlović, Asaf Pe’er, M. Pech, Mario Pecimotika, M. Peresano, Judit Pérez-Romero, Giada Peron, M. Persic, Pierre-Olivier Petrucci, O. Petruk, Felix Pfeifle, Fabio Pintore, Giorgio Pirola, C. Pittori, C. Plard, F. Podobnik, M. Pohl, Estelle Pons, E. Prandini, Julie Prast, G. Principe, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, N. Produit, Д. А. Прохоров, E. Pueschel, G. Pühlhofer, Maria Letizia Pumo, M. Punch, A. Quirrenbach, S. Rainò, N. Randazzo, R. Rando, Thierry Ravel, S. Razzaque, Maxime Regeard, Patrick Reichherzer, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, Andreas Reisenegger, Thierry Reposeur, Brian Reville, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, T. Richtler, Frank Rieger, E. Roache, Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez, M. D. Rodríguez-Friás, Juan José Rodríguez‐Vázquez, P. Romano, G. Romeo, J. Rosado, Gavin Rowell, B. Rudak, Ashley J. Ruiter, C. B. Rulten, F. Russo, I. Sadeh, L. Saha, T. Saito, Shunsuke Sakurai, Heiko Salzmann, D. A. Sánchez, M. Sánchez‐Conde, Pierluca Sangiorgi, Hidetoshi Sano, M. Santander, A. Santangelo, R. Santos-Lima, A. Sanuy, Toni Šarić, Arkadipta Sarkar, S. Sarkar, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, V. Savchenko, Andres Scherer, Pietro Schipani, Bernd Schleicher, Petr Schovánek, Jan Lukas Schubert, F. Schüßler, U. Schwanke, Georg Schwefer, Salvatore Scuderi, M. Seglar-Arroyo, I. R. Seitenzahl, O. Sergijenko, V. Sguera, P. Sharma, Guéréguin Der Sylvestre Sidibé, L. Sidoli, H. Siejkowski, Clarissa Siqueira, P. Sizun, Vitalii Sliusar, A. Słowikowska, Hélène Sol, Andreas Specovius, S. Spencer, Daniele Spiga, A. Stamerra, S. Stanič, Tomasz Starecki, R. L. C. Starling, Constantin Steppa, Thierry Stolarczyk, Jelena Strišković, Y. Suda, Tiina Suomijärvi, D. Tak, Mitsunari Takahashi, Ryuji Takeishi, Pak-Hin Thomas Tam, Shuta Tanaka, Takaaki Tanaka, Kenta Terauchi, V. Testa, L. Tibaldo, O. Tibolla, Francesc Torradeflot, D. F. Torres, E. Torresi, N. F. H. Tothill, F. Toussenel, Victoria Touzard, A. Tramacere, P. Trávnı́ček, G. Tripodo, Stefano Truzzi, Adellain Tsiahina, Antonio Tutone, Martin Vacula, Bertrand Vallage, P. Vallania, Ramon Vallés, C. van Eldik, Juliane van Scherpenberg, J. Vandenbroucke, V. V. Vassiliev, Philippe Venault, Sofia Ventura, S. Vercellone, G. Verna, A. Viana, N. Viaux Maira, Alessandro Vigliano, Jonatan Vignatti, C. Vigorito, Vincenzo Vitale, Veronika Vodeb, Vincent Voisin, S. Vorobiov, Georgios Gerasimos Voutsinas, Ievgen Vovk, Vincent Waegebaert, S. J. Wagner, R. Walter, M. J. Ward, Maneenate Wechakama, R. White, A. Wierzcholska, Martin Will, D. A. Williams, Frederik Wohlleben, A. Wolter, Tokonatsu Yamamoto, Ryo Yamazaki, Lili Yang, T. Yoshida, T. Yoshikoshi, M. Zacharias, R. Zanmar Sánchez, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, A. A. Zdziarski, Andreas Zech, В. И. Жданов, Krzysztof Ziȩtara, Miha Živec, Jaume Zuriaga-Puig
Bibliographic record
Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónStaatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und InnovationArgonne National LaboratoryComisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y TecnológicaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronCanadian Space AgencyAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e ComunicaçõesJunta de AndalucíaGeneralitat de CatalunyaState Committee of ScienceMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónUniversitetet i OsloMax-Planck-GesellschaftCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueScience and Technology Facilities CouncilSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungFundação AraucáriaU.S. Department of EnergyFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroUniversity of SydneyMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaMinistère de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la RechercheHrvatska Zaklada za ZnanostMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyUniversidad de JaénRegione LombardiaNarodowe Centrum NaukiConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoLeverhulme TrustEuropean CommissionFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloUniversity of AdelaideNational Research FoundationJavna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RSUniversity of New South WalesBundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und ForschungDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaWestern Sydney UniversityBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyRoyal Swedish Academy of SciencesUniversity of OxfordInstitute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of TokyoUniversity of LeicesterIstituto Nazionale di AstrofisicaDurham UniversityVetenskapsrådetFondazione CariploSmithsonian InstitutionBarnard CollegeCentres de Recerca de CatalunyaMonash UniversityAgence Nationale de la RechercheComunidad de MadridSveučilište u ZagrebuGeorgia Institute of TechnologyIowa State UniversityNational Science Foundation
KeywordsCherenkov Telescope ArrayPython (programming language)Cherenkov radiationToolboxSkyComputer scienceMAGIC (telescope)TelescopeSoftwarePhysicsAstronomyOpticsDetector
Abstract
Despite the advancement in background rejection techniques, observation of the very-high-energy gamma-ray sky by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) are subject to an irreducible background from gamma-like hadron- or electron-induced air showers. The determination of this residual background is crucial for accurate spectral and spatial measurements. The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will become the next generation of IACTs. To unveil its full potential, the improved reconstruction performance of CTA needs to be coupled with a reliable background estimate across the entire field of view. This may become especially important in the case of the planned surveys of large areas of the sky. In this contribution we will present pybkgmodel, an open-source python software package developed for CTA. It aims at providing in a consistent way the various background modelling methods, based on the experience from current IACTs such as H.E.S.S, MAGIC, and VERITAS. It is designed as a toolbox allowing a user to easily choose the optimal reconstruction approach for various target regions or a combination of several algorithms. We will introduce the design of the package as well as demonstrate its performance using simulations for the CTA Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Software · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.051
Threshold uncertainty score0.172
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.051 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.053
GPT teacher head0.264
Teacher spread0.211 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreSoftware
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
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Citations1
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes