Reflected Laser Interferometry Reveals Subtleties Of Low Surface Tension Microdroplet Condensation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using dual wavelength reflected laser interferometry, we developed a simple yet accurate protocol to study the dynamic behavior of condensed microdroplets. For low surface tension liquids, sufficiently sharp experimental interferograms are obtained by appropriately controlling the confocal pinhole. An automated numerical framework is developed to dynamically reconstruct the three-dimensional topography of the droplets from the obtained interferograms. We also report a spontaneous motion during condensation where small microdroplets moved to relatively larger droplets in the vicinity. This movement is exclusive to a combination of low surface tension liquids and hydrophilic surfaces. Although we have demonstrated the framework for dropwise condensation, the protocol finds direct applicability in the study of a wide range of fundamental phenomena involving droplet dynamics which includes wetting, spreading, droplet pinning and motion, contact angle hysteresis, droplet coalescence etc., and suitable adaptation of the developed protocol can assist in unveiling previously unknown fundamental physical processes of practical relevance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".