Diffraction-gated real-time ultrahigh-speed mapping photography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single-shot high-speed mapping photography is a powerful tool used for studying fast dynamics in diverse applications. Despite much recent progress, existing methods are still strained by the trade-off between sequence depth and light throughput, errors induced by parallax, limited imaging dimensionality, and the potential damage caused by pulsed illumination. To overcome these limitations, we explore time-varying optical diffraction as a new gating mechanism to obtain ultrahigh imaging speed. Inspired by the pulse front tilt-gated imaging and the space-time duality in optics, we embody the proposed paradigm in the developed diffraction-gated real-time ultrahigh-speed mapping (DRUM) photography. The sweeping optical diffraction envelope generated by the inter-pattern transition of a digital micromirror device enables sequential time-gating at the sub-microsecond level. DRUM photography can capture a transient event in a single exposure at 4.8 million frames per second. We apply it to the investigation of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown in liquid and laser ablation in biological samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".