The effects of timing of high immune response phenotyping in relation to weaning on immune responses of crossbred beef calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Genetic selection for immune response has the potential to increase the sustainability of the beef industry by breeding cattle that are productive yet with an increased capacity to resist disease. Determining the optimal time to immunophenotype beef cattle is crucial for the accurate prediction of an animal's immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time of immunophenotyping in relation to weaning on immune responses of beef calves. Antibody- (AMIR) and cell-mediated (CMIR) immune responses were measured on 97 calves on the day of weaning (WEANING, N = 56) or 2 mo post-weaning (POST-WEANING, N = 41). Within each period of immunophenotyping, on day 0, blood was collected, and calves received a 1.0 mL intramuscular injection of type 1 and 2 test antigens. On day 14, blood was collected, and baseline skinfold thickness (SFT) was measured. Calves received an intradermal injection of 0.1 mg of the type 1 antigen suspended in 0.1 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the right tail fold, and 0.1 mL of PBS in the left. Changes in SFT at 24 h was used to indicate CMIR. To assess AMIR, the titer of type 2 antigen-specific bovine immunoglobulin G in serum from blood collected on day 14 was determined by measuring optical density (OD) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among heifers, AMIR was greater for the POST-WEANING group than for the WEANING group (P < 0.01). Among steers, AMIR was not different between the POST-WEANING group and the WEANING group (P = 1.0). Therefore, the AMIR of heifers may be more negatively affected by immunophenotyping at weaning than the AMIR of steers. For steers, CMIR was greater in the POST-WEANING group than the WEANING group (P < 0.001). For heifers, CMIR was not different between the POST-WEANING group and the WEANING group (P = 0.22). The CMIR of steers may be more negatively affected by immunophenotyping at weaning than the CMIR of heifers. Calf age was not associated with AMIR or CMIR for calves phenotyped at weaning or post-weaning. The effect of sire nested within dam age was significant for CMIR for calves in the POST-WEANING group (P < 0.01), but not for calves in the WEANING group (P = 0.67). The results suggest that measuring immunocompetence at weaning may not be representative of a calf's genetic ability to mount an effective immune response, and immunophenotyping should be performed outside the weaning period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".