Effects of dilute low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) solutions in immiscible radial viscous fingering instabilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We experimentally study the effects of normal stress differences in the immiscible radial viscous fingering instability in a Hele–Shaw cell. Dilute low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions are used as the displaced fluid to focus on elastic effects without shear-thinning behavior. The molecular weight of PEO is varied to investigate the effects of normal stress differences. The experimental observations reveal that nonmonotonic and opposing effects are evident depending on the molecular weight of the PEO and the stage of the radial viscous fingering evolution. Decreases in the PEO molecular weight reduce the number of fingers and widen the finger width in the early stage. However, the increase in the PEO molecular weight promotes tip splitting and narrows finger width in the early stage but suppresses tip splitting in the intermediate stage. Weissenberg numbers are estimated at different stages of radial viscous fingering instabilities. Tip splitting occurs at the highest Weissenberg number covered in this study and suppression of tip splitting is observed at intermediate Weissenberg numbers. At low Weissenberg numbers, we observe an increased finger width and a reduced number of fingers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".