Virtual Competition: The Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-Driven Economy, by Ariel Ezrachi & Maurice E. Stucke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proponents of laissez-faire economic philosophy have long relied upon the concept of the “invisible hand” to justify non-intervention by governments in markets. The term is typically interpreted to describe how the independent actions of self-interested individuals can lead to a beneficial societal outcome. Since Adam Smith introduced the concept in 1776, the invisible hand has become an important foundation of economic analysis and has consistently been a source of controversy, debate, and policy inspiration. As one of the core tenets of neoclassical economic theories and the Chicago School of economic thought, the invisible hand has been associated with the modern shift in emphasis from regulation to free market philosophy. However, the appeal of the concept has somewhat diminished in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, with many blaming rising income inequality and reduced social mobility on lax regulations and limited oversight of the financial sector.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".